Table 1.
Demographic information and clinical features of the studied population.
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 64 (11) | 27-89 |
| Number | Percent | |
| Gender, male | 140 | 91% |
| Race, white | 75 | 49% |
| black | 71 | 46% |
| Ethnicity, Hispanic | 43 | 28% |
| Co-morbidities | ||
| Current Smoking | 45 | 29% |
| Hypertension | 115 | 75% |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 97 | 63% |
| Diabetes | 57 | 37% |
| Post traumatic stress disorder | 40 | 26% |
| Depression | 92 | 60% |
| Arthritis | 65 | 42% |
| Sleep apnea | 33 | 21% |
| Medications | ||
| Anti-depressants | 67 | 44% |
| Anxiolytics | 65 | 42% |
| Analgesics | 102 | 66% |
| Anti-histamine | 29 | 19% |
| Gabapentin/ Pregabalin | 37 | 25% |
| Duloxetine/ Venlafaxine | 4 | 3% |
| Dry eye symptoms | Mean (SD) | range |
| DEQ-5 | 12.9 (3.9) | 6-22 |
| OSDI | 39 (25) | 0-100 |
| Dry eye signs | ||
| Tear osmolarity, mOsm/L | 304 (17) | 277-371 |
| Tear film breakup time, seconds | 9.1 (3.7) | 2.6-25 |
| Corneal staining, (0-15) | 2.2 (2.6) | 0-14 |
| Schirmer’s test, mm of moisture | 13.9 (6.4) | 0-32 |
| Eyelid vascularity, (0-2) | 1.9 (1.2) | 0-2 |
| Meibum quality, (0-4) | 0.65 (0.76) | 0-4 |
DEQ-5=Dry Eye Questionnaire 5; OSDI=Ocular Surface Disease Index; SD=standard deviation.