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. 2016 Aug 30;7:283. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00283

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Copyright © 2016 Schon and Weiskirchen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Duration- and intensity-dependent immunomodulatory changes triggered by exercise and sporting activity. Exercise increases the number of circulating Tregs, stimulates the secretion of adrenaline and cortisol as well as the release of IL-6, leads to a reduction in fat tissue mass, and impacts the ratio of M1-type to M2-type macrophages in fat tissue. Conversely, sporting activity reduces expression of TLRs, the intrusion of macrophages and monocytes into fat tissue, and also the number of circulating pro-inflammatory monocytes. Altogether, these effects inhibit inflammatory reactions within the body.