. 2016 Aug 30;6:32321. doi: 10.1038/srep32321

Table 3. Effects of seaweed on gas production and composition, pH, ammonia-N (NH₃-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA) from in vitro 24-h batch incubations.

	Seaweed						SEM	P
	Control	Ulva sp.	Laminaria ochroleuca	Saccharina latissima	Gigartina sp.	Gracilaria vermiculophylla	SEM	P
Gas, mL	23.7^a	20.3^c	21.2^c	21.1^c	16.0^b	19.6^c	7.94	<0.001
Gas, mL g⁻¹ DM	100.5^a	86.2^c	89.5^c	89.9^c	67.5^b	82.5^c	33.65	<0.001
Methane, mL	0.413^a	0.308^b	0.472^a	0.425^a	0.266^b	0.255^b	0.0780	<0.001
Methane, mL g⁻¹ DM	1.754^a	1.301^b	1.984^a	1.813^a	1.117^b	1.072^b	0.3322	<0.001
pH	5.94	6.03	6.02	5.99	6.02	6.02	0.076	0.306
NH₃-N, mg g⁻¹ DM	3.43^a	4.47^b	3.52^a,d	3.86^a,d	6.07^c	4.18^b,d	0.681	<0.001
Total VFA, mmol g⁻¹ DM	3.38^ab	3.20^a	3.03^a	3.60^b	3.21^a	3.20^a	0.220	0.033
Acetic acid, %	61.3^a	63.4^b	62.8^ab	64.3^b	62.8^ab	63.4^b	2.61	0.023
Propionic acid, %	24.0	22.8	22.6	22.4	23.2	22.7	4.67	0.086
Iso-butyric acid, %	0.832	0.997	1.033	0.882	0.994	0.983	0.2834	0.231
Butyric acid, %	10.4^b	9.6^ac	10.0^bc	9.3^a	9.6^a	9.5^a	1.11	<0.001
Iso-valeric acid, %	1.25^ab	1.24^ab	1.18^a	1.12^a	1.39^c	1.31^bc	0.056	<0.001
Valeric acid, %	1.60	1.45	1.57	1.44	1.48	1.49	0.415	0.599
Caproic acid, %	0.551	0.484	0.650	0.469	0.492	0.486	0.2377	0.176
Acetic:propionic acid ratio	2.82^a	3.09^b	3.03^b	3.14^b	3.00^b	3.10^b	0.684	0.002
H₂ generated, mmol L⁻¹	62.4	58.9	56.0	65.4	59.3	59.4	5.84	0.118
H₂ consumed, mmol L⁻¹	21.4	22.2	19.6	19.2	23.5	20.2	1.01	0.161
Recovery, %	36.9	34.8	34.7	33.6	35.0	35.1	4.79	0.233
Fermentation efficiency, %	75.5	74.8	74.7	74.5	74.9	74.8	2.01	0.280

Table 3. Effects of seaweed on gas production and composition, pH, ammonia-N (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA) from in vitro 24-h batch incubations.