Fig. 1.

Summary of video sections. 1 Pre-box (box shown before actor’s emotional reactions), 2a/3a actor reacting happily to contents of box, 2b/3b actor reacting fearfully to contents of box, 4 post-box (box shown after actor’s emotional reactions). The pre- and post-box are visually identical but are perceived as different (either containing a threatening or positive stimulus) only if the child learns about the contents of the box from the actor’s emotional reactions