Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
| Characteristics | ACR<30 mg/g | ACR=30–300 mg/g | ACR>300 mg/g |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total, N (%) | 408,125 (79.1) | 87,872 (17.0) | 20,200 (3.9) |
| Age at index, yr, mean (SD) | 59.5 (11.8) | 63.9 (13.0)a | 63.9 (13.1)a |
| Age ≥75 yr old, N (%) | 50,875 (12.5) | 21,452 (24.4)a | 4954 (24.5)a |
| Men, N (%) | 203,256 (49.8) | 46,466 (52.9) | 11,910 (59.0)a |
| Income, lowest quintile, N (%) | 76,911 (18.8) | 19,371 (22.0) | 4798 (23.8) |
| Residential status, rural, N (%) | 32,726 (8.0) | 6770 (7.7) | 1553 (7.7) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Prior major hemorrhage, N (%) | 9893 (2.4) | 2674 (3.0) | 797 (3.9) |
| Gastrointestinal endoscopy,b N (%) | 100,561 (24.6) | 19,600 (22.3) | 4377 (21.7) |
| Diabetes mellitus, N (%) | 175,985 (43.1) | 53,743 (61.2)a | 13,676 (67.7)a |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter, N (%) | 6585 (1.6) | 3676 (4.2)a | 982 (4.9)a |
| Coronary artery disease, N (%) | 83,185 (20.4) | 25,630 (29.2)a | 6911 (34.2)a |
| Myocardial infarction, N (%) | 8205 (2.0) | 3037 (3.5) | 989 (4.9)a |
| Congestive heart failure, N (%) | 16,655 (4.1) | 8200 (9.3)a | 2893 (14.3)a |
| Coronary revascularization, N (%) | 11,746 (2.9) | 3683 (4.2) | 1082 (5.4) |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 240,339 (58.9) | 63,062 (71.8)a | 15,669 (77.6)a |
| Heart valve replacement, N (%) | 896 (0.2) | 359 (0.4) | 89 (0.4) |
| Deep vein thrombosis, N (%) | 681 (0.2) | 269 (0.3) | 103 (0.5) |
| Pulmonary embolism, N (%) | 849 (0.2) | 272 (0.3) | 77 (0.4) |
| Lower leg amputation, N (%) | 354 (0.1) | 330 (0.4) | 219 (1.1) |
| Ischemic stroke, N (%) | 2766 (0.7) | 1384 (1.6) | 447 (2.2) |
| eGFR, 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 84.6 (18.2) | 78.2 (23.3)a | 66.8 (27.8)a |
| eGFR≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, N (%) | 365,470 (89.5) | 67,786 (77.1)a | 11,623 (57.5)a |
| eGFR=45–59 ml/min per 1.73 m2, N (%) | 29,880 (7.3) | 10,908 (12.4)a | 3418 (16.9)a |
| eGFR=30–44 ml/min per 1.73 m2, N (%) | 10,497 (2.6) | 6566 (7.5)a | 2986 (14.8)a |
| eGFR=15–29 ml/min per 1.73 m2, N (%) | 2193 (0.5) | 2405 (2.7)a | 1817 (9.0)a |
| eGFR<15 ml/min per 1.73 m2, N (%) | 85 (0.0) | 207 (0.2) | 356 (1.8)a |
| Medication use among individuals ≥66 years of age (total =176,608) | |||
| Age ≥66 yr old, N (%) | 126,554 (71.7) | 40,692 (23.0) | 9362 (5.3) |
| Oral anticoagulants, N (%) | 7030 (5.6) | 4150 (10.2)a | 1056 (11.3)a |
| Oral antiplatelets, N (%) | 15,007 (11.9) | 6549 (16.1) | 1763 (18.8)a |
| Proton pump inhibitors, N (%) | 25,159 (19.9) | 8022 (19.7) | 1987 (21.2) |
Data presented as numbers (percentages), except for age and eGFR, which are presented as means (SDs). Total =516,197. Standardized differences were used to compare the CKD stage under investigation with the referent group ACR<30 mg/g. Standardized differences are less sensitive to sample size than traditional hypothesis tests. They provide a measure of the difference between groups divided by the pooled SD; a value >10% is interpreted as a meaningful difference between groups.
a
Significant difference (>10%).
b
Includes either of upper endoscopy or colonoscopy.