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. 2016 Aug 31;7:1387. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01387

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Copyright © 2016 Wang, Liu, Xu, Yang, Wang, Han, Shi, Tian, Ding, Peng and Yu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bacterial invasion and intracellular survival assays. (A) Invasion assay with avian HD-11 cells. The mutant strain APCE94ΔeivC showed significantly increased invasion to HD-11 cells, compared with the wild-type strain APCE94 and the complementation strain APCE94CΔeivC. Values are averages of three independent experiments. Error bars indicate standard deviations. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA (^∗∗p < 0.01; ^∗∗∗p < 0.001). (B) Intracellular survival assay. Inactivation of EivC decreased its intracellular survival within avian HD-11 cells compared with APCE94, which was expressed as the fold change in bacterial numbers at 6, 12, and 24 h relative to the number of initial invasive bacteria. A two-way ANOVA was performed for the survival assays (^∗p < 0.05; ^∗∗∗p < 0.001).