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. 2016 Aug 31;7:1387. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01387

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Copyright © 2016 Wang, Liu, Xu, Yang, Wang, Han, Shi, Tian, Ding, Peng and Yu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cytokine expressions in APEC-infected avian HD-11 cells. Avian HD-11 cells were infected with the APCE94, APCE94ΔeivC, or APCE94CΔeivC strains. The mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-8 in bacteria-infected HD-11 cells were analyzed at 3 h post-invasion by qRT-PCR. Data were normalized to the β-actin gene. Samples were calibrated to gene expression in uninfected HD-11 cells. Expression of IL-1β and IL-8 was significantly upregulated in cells infected with the APCE94ΔeivC strain, compared with those infected with the APCE94 strain. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA (^∗p < 0.05; ^∗∗p < 0.01).