Table 2.
Multivariate fixed effects models on road traffic fatalities and crash fatality ratio
| Road traffic fatalities (count) | Crash fatality ratio (fatalities per 1000 crashes) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
| ß (SD) | ß (SD) | ß (SD) | ß (SD) | ß (SD) | ß (SD) | |
| GRP, bln RUB | −0.690*** | −0.405*** | 0.115 | −0.139*** | 0.010 | 0.007 |
| [0.055] | [0.079] | [0.074] | [0.018] | [0.021] | [0.035] | |
| Population, 1000 | 0.065 | −0.082 | 0.022 | 0.098*** | −0.019 | −0.003 |
| [0.059] | [0.063] | [0.053] | [0.020] | [0.020] | [0.025] | |
| Territory, 1000 km2 | 0.016 | 0.054 | −0.070 | 0.364 | 0.295 | 0.336 |
| [0.731] | [0.582] | [0.477] | [0.526] | [0.451] | [0.455] | |
| Year | ||||||
| 2004 (reference) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | |||
| 2005 | −2.902 | 1.762 | −9.878*** | −10.113*** | ||
| [6.768] | [5.559] | [2.642] | [2.697] | |||
| 2006 | −20.309*** | −13.928** | −21.393*** | −21.814*** | ||
| [7.237] | [5.951] | [2.776] | [2.875] | |||
| 2007 | −7.030 | 4.336 | −25.763*** | −26.145*** | ||
| [7.807] | [6.451] | [2.998] | [3.109] | |||
| 2008 | −30.853*** | −7.552 | −28.997*** | −29.259*** | ||
| [8.068] | [6.810] | [3.152] | [3.309] | |||
| 2009 | −70.890*** | −29.258*** | −32.199*** | −32.299*** | ||
| [7.540] | [6.824] | [2.932] | [3.354] | |||
| 2010 | −80.318*** | −31.181*** | −34.196*** | −34.130*** | ||
| [7.949] | [7.355] | [3.071] | [3.586] | |||
| 2011 | −49.251*** | 4.712 | −29.364*** | −28.922*** | ||
| [8.668] | [8.033] | [3.361] | [3.894] | |||
| Public buses, 1000 | −3.703 | −24.666*** | −3.692 | |||
| [8.887] | [7.431] | [3.408] | ||||
| Physicians, 1000 | −22.358*** | −6.132 | −0.109 | |||
| [7.181] | [5.995] | [2.810] | ||||
| Health budget, bln RUB | 2.458 | 1.232 | 0.187 | |||
| [1.632] | [1.341] | [0.614] | ||||
| Private cars, 1000 | −0.657*** | −0.007 | ||||
| [0.046] | [0.022] | |||||
| Constant | 386.369** | 791.011*** | 630.954*** | −70.153 | 144.558 | 114.844 |
| R 2 within | 0.27 | 0.558 | 0.703 | 0.138 | 0.378 | 0.380 |
| Additive R 2 within | 0.27 | 0.288 | 0.145 | 0.138 | 0.24 | 0.002 |
| Observations number | 505 | 505 | 505 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
| Regions number | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 66 |
| Ρ(Rho) | 0.981 | 0.996 | 0.997 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.992 |
| Adjusted R 2 | 0.971 | 0.982 | 0.988 | 0.750 | 0.816 | 0.815 |
Length of road not significant to be included in the final models
ß (SD) coefficient from linear fixed effects model and its standard deviation, bln billion, RUB Russian ruble, km 2 square kilometer, km kilometer, R 2 coefficient of determination
***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; **p < 0.01 to **p < 0.05