Table 2.
↓ Sensitivity to opioids (β-endorphin, enkephalin, and dynorphin)a |
↓ Expression and number of receptors for neuropeptide Y (NPY)a |
↓ Expression and number of receptors for orexinsa |
↓ Expression of agouti-related protein (AgRP)a |
↑/= Expression of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) (in men) |
↑ Concentration of leptin (in men) |
↓ Concentration of galanin (in women) |
aResults mostly from animal studies; human studies are inconclusive