Table 2.
Cross-sectional association between subject characteristics and baseline cognitive function using Tobit regression (N = 494)
| Characteristic | Unadjusted | p value | Adjusted for sociodemographicsa | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years | −0.32 (−0.49 to −0.16) | <0.001 | – | −0.26 (−0.43 to −0.10) | 0.002 | – |
| Sex Female | −1.25 (−1.94 to −0.55) | <0.001 | – | −0.71 (−1.43 to 0.00) | 0.051 | – |
| Attended high school | 1.72 (1.00 to 2.43) | <0.001 | – | 1.37 (0.63 to 2.11) | <0.001 | – |
| Current Smoking | 0.89 (−0.48 to 2.27) | 0.200 | – | 0.29 (−1.04 to 1.63) | 0.667 | – |
| Current Alcohol Drinking | 0.70 (−0.02 to 1.41) | 0.060 | – | 0.31 (−0.42 to 1.04) | 0.402 | – |
| Living Alone | 0.56 (−0.18 to 1.30) | 0.137 | – | 1.02 (0.27 to 1.77) | 0.008 | – |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Underweight (−18.5) | −0.28 (−1.19 to 0.62) | 0.540 | 0.01 (−0.88 to 0.89) | 0.990 | ||
| Normal (18.5–25.0) | Reference | 0.192 | Reference | 0.190 | ||
| Overweight (25.0–) | 0.82 (−0.21 to 1.86) | 0.120 | 0.92 (−0.09 to 1.92) | 0.074 | ||
| Carotid Artery Plaque Score | ||||||
| No plaque (0) | Reference | 0.021 | Reference | 0.054 | ||
| Mild atherosclerosis (1.2–4.9) | −0.57 (−1.39 to 0.25) | 0.170 | −0.54 (−1.34 to 0.26) | 0.185 | ||
| Moderate to severe atherosclerosis (5.0) | −1.28 (−2.18 to –0.38) | 0.005 | −1.08 (−1.95 to −0.20) | 0.016 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G Antibody | ||||||
| Q1 (2.0–12.3) | Reference | 0.003 | Reference | 0.028 | ||
| Q2 (12.4–18.3) | −1.00 (−1.97 to −0.02) | 0.045 | −0.96 (−1.90 to −0.02) | 0.046 | ||
| Q3 (18.4–29.3) | −1.06 (−2.03 to −0.09) | 0.032 | −0.82 (−1.77 to 0.13) | 0.089 | ||
| Q4 (29.4–) | −1.90 (−2.88 to −0.91) | <0.001 | −1.47 (−2.44 to −0.50) | 0.003 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (pg/mL) | ||||||
| Q1 (1.12–1.86) | Reference | 0.082 | Reference | 0.008 | ||
| Q2 (1.87–2.174) | −1.07 (−2.07 to −0.07) | 0.036 | −1.40 (−2.36 to −0.44) | 0.005 | ||
| Q3 (2.175–2.77) | −0.95 (−1.95 to 0.05) | 0.063 | −1.05 (−2.02 to −0.08) | 0.034 | ||
| Q4 (2.78–) | −1.18 (−2.18 to −0.19) | 0.020 | −1.54 (−2.50 to −0.58) | 0.002 | ||
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | ||||||
| Q1 (0.43–1.28) | Reference | 0.358 | Reference | 0.387 | ||
| Q2 (1.29–1.68) | −0.73 (−1.72 to 0.26) | 0.149 | −0.73 (−1.68 to 0.22) | 0.129 | ||
| Q3 (1.69–2.46) | −0.78 (−1.78 to 0.22) | 0.127 | −0.69 (−1.67 to 0.30) | 0.172 | ||
| Q4 (2.47–) | −0.73 (−1.72 to 0.27) | 0.152 | −0.67 (−1.64 to 0.29) | 0.171 | ||
| Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||
| Q1 (47–96) | Reference | 0.515 | Reference | 0.291 | ||
| Q2 (97–114) | 0.69 (−0.31 to 1.70) | 0.177 | 0.74 (−0.24 to 1.72) | 0.141 | ||
| Q3 (115–130) | 0.06 (−0.93 to 1.06) | 0.904 | −0.07 (−1.04 to 0.91) | 0.896 | ||
| Q4 (131–239) | 0.19 (−0.80 to 1.17) | 0.711 | −0.03 (−1.01 to 0.94) | 0.946 | ||
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||
| Q1 (25–48) | Reference | 0.519 | Reference | 0.246 | ||
| Q2 (49–58) | −0.14 (−1.14 to 0.86) | 0.786 | 0.13 (−0.84 to 1.11) | 0.791 | ||
| Q3 (59–68) | 0.29 (−0.72 to 1.30) | 0.571 | 0.46 (−0.53 to 1.45) | 0.360 | ||
| Q4 (69–113) | 0.54 (−0.46 to 1.54) | 0.287 | 0.93 (−0.07 to 1.93) | 0.069 | ||
| Medical history | ||||||
| Hypertension | 0.07 (−0.71 to 0.85) | 0.865 | – | 0.01 (−0.74 to 0.76) | 0.977 | – |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.64 (−0.07 to 1.35) | 0.079 | – | 0.55 (−0.14 to 1.24) | 0.118 | – |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.59 (−0.48 to 1.66) | 0.280 | – | 0.24 (−0.80 to 1.27) | 0.655 | – |
| Chronic kidney disease | −0.12 (−0.83 to 0.58) | 0.729 | – | −0.10 (−0.78 to 0.58) | 0.777 | – |
| Activities of Daily Living | ||||||
| 1 (10–94) | Reference | <0.001 | Reference | <0.001 | ||
| 2 (95–99) | 0.59 (−0.81 to 1.98) | 0.407 | 0.15 (−1.24 to 1.53) | 0.835 | ||
| 3 (100) | 2.41 (1.40 to 3.41) | <0.001 | 1.78 (0.77 to 2.80) | 0.001 | ||
| Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Score | ||||||
| 1–3 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 4 | 2.93 (1.66 to 4.21) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 2.27 (0.99 to 3.55) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| 5 | 3.53 (2.46 to 4.59) | <0.001 | 2.87 (1.78 to 3.96) | <0.001 | ||
| Grip strength (kg) | ||||||
| Q1 (M: 11.0–21.0, F: 4.0–12.4) | Reference | <0.001 | Reference | <0.001 | ||
| Q2 (M: 21.1–24.4, F: 13.5–15.5) | 1.53 (0.56 to 2.51) | 0.002 | 1.49 (0.54 to 2.45) | 0.002 | ||
| Q3 (M: 24.5–27.2, F: 15.6–18.8) | 1.29 (0.33 to 2.25) | 0.009 | 1.06 (0.11 to 2.00) | 0.028 | ||
| Q4 (M: 27.3–41.5, F: 18.9–24.5) | 2.62 (1.65 to 3.61) | <0.001 | 2.38 (1.40 to 3.36) | <0.001 | ||
Values are β coefficients with corresponding 95 % confidence interval. Lower and upper limit was specified as 0 and 30, respectively, using Tobit regression. p values for categorical variables include p value for each level of category (left column) and its joint p value (right column). Cognitive function was measured using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Scores range from 0 to 30, with lower scores indicating worse cognitive function
aAdjusted for age, sex, and education