Table 2.
Age- and Covariate-Adjusted Relative Risks of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), Heart Disease, and Stroke Mortality Among US Adults Aged 25-64 Years According to Baseline Socioeeconomic Characteristics: The US National Longitudinal Mortaliy Study, 1979-2002
| Baseline socioeconomic characteristics | 1979-1989 (N=513,991) | 1990-2002 (N=305,794) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-adjusted1 | Covariate-adjusted2 | Age-adjusted1 | Covariate-adjusted2 | |||||||||
| Hazard ratio | 95% CI | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | |||||
| Cardiovascular diseases | ||||||||||||
| Education (years) | ||||||||||||
| <12 | 2.21 | 1.93 | 2.54 | 1.76 | 1.51 | 2.05 | 2.79 | 2.28 | 3.42 | 1.94 | 1.55 | 2.44 |
| 12 | 1.44 | 1.25 | 1.65 | 1.50 | 1.29 | 1.74 | 1.89 | 1.55 | 2.31 | 1.67 | 1.34 | 2.08 |
| 13-15 | 1.38 | 1.18 | 1.61 | 1.41 | 1.20 | 1.66 | 1.63 | 1.32 | 2.02 | 1.48 | 1.18 | 1.86 |
| 16 | 1.06 | 0.89 | 1.26 | 1.09 | 0.91 | 1.30 | 1.07 | 0.84 | 1.37 | 1.03 | 0.81 | 1.32 |
| 17+ | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Occupation | ||||||||||||
| Professional/managerial | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Non-professional | 1.24 | 1.14 | 1.35 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 1.06 | 1.51 | 1.32 | 1.72 | 1.05 | 0.90 | 1.21 |
| Unemployed/outside labor force | 1.87 | 1.72 | 2.04 | 1.89 | 1.70 | 2.09 | 2.62 | 2.29 | 3.00 | 1.97 | 1.68 | 2.30 |
| Poverty status (ratio of family income to poverty threshold) | ||||||||||||
| Below 100% | 2.81 | 2.54 | 3.12 | 1.76 | 1.56 | 1.98 | 2.93 | 2.53 | 3.40 | 1.67 | 1.41 | 1.98 |
| 100-149% | 2.14 | 1.90 | 2.40 | 1.52 | 1.34 | 1.72 | 2.59 | 2.19 | 3.05 | 1.62 | 1.35 | 1.94 |
| 150-199% | 2.02 | 1.81 | 2.27 | 1.54 | 1.37 | 1.74 | 2.26 | 1.91 | 2.66 | 1.55 | 1.30 | 1.86 |
| 200-299% | 1.65 | 1.49 | 1.83 | 1.36 | 1.22 | 1.51 | 1.71 | 1.48 | 1.99 | 1.28 | 1.09 | 1.49 |
| 300-399% | 1.52 | 1.37 | 1.70 | 1.31 | 1.17 | 1.46 | 1.61 | 1.38 | 1.87 | 1.27 | 1.09 | 1.49 |
| 400-599% | 1.30 | 1.17 | 1.45 | 1.17 | 1.05 | 1.31 | 1.20 | 1.03 | 1.39 | 1.04 | 0.89 | 1.21 |
| At or above 600% | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Heart disease | ||||||||||||
| Education (years) | ||||||||||||
| <12 | 2.09 | 1.80 | 2.42 | 1.72 | 1.46 | 2.03 | 2.69 | 2.16 | 3.35 | 1.92 | 1.51 | 2.46 |
| 12 | 1.38 | 1.19 | 1.60 | 1.47 | 1.25 | 1.73 | 1.87 | 1.51 | 2.32 | 1.70 | 1.34 | 2.15 |
| 13-15 | 1.30 | 1.11 | 1.54 | 1.36 | 1.14 | 1.62 | 1.63 | 1.29 | 2.05 | 1.52 | 1.19 | 1.94 |
| 16 | 1.01 | 0.84 | 1.22 | 1.05 | 0.87 | 1.27 | 1.04 | 0.79 | 1.35 | 1.01 | 0.77 | 1.32 |
| 17+ | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Occupation | ||||||||||||
| Professional/managerial | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Non-professional | 1.21 | 1.11 | 1.33 | 0.95 | 0.86 | 1.06 | 1.47 | 1.27 | 1.70 | 1.02 | 0.87 | 1.20 |
| Unemployed/outside labor force | 1.77 | 1.61 | 1.95 | 1.84 | 1.65 | 2.06 | 2.61 | 2.25 | 3.02 | 2.02 | 1.71 | 2.40 |
| Poverty status (ratio of family income to poverty threshold) | ||||||||||||
| Below 100% | 2.73 | 2.44 | 3.06 | 1.78 | 1.57 | 2.03 | 2.84 | 2.42 | 3.34 | 1.66 | 1.38 | 2.00 |
| 100-149% | 2.13 | 1.88 | 2.42 | 1.57 | 1.37 | 1.79 | 2.67 | 2.23 | 3.19 | 1.68 | 1.38 | 2.05 |
| 150-199% | 2.01 | 1.77 | 2.27 | 1.56 | 1.37 | 1.78 | 2.24 | 1.87 | 2.68 | 1.56 | 1.29 | 1.90 |
| 200-299% | 1.63 | 1.45 | 1.82 | 1.36 | 1.21 | 1.53 | 1.70 | 1.45 | 2.00 | 1.28 | 1.08 | 1.52 |
| 300-399% | 1.54 | 1.37 | 1.74 | 1.34 | 1.18 | 1.51 | 1.58 | 1.34 | 1.87 | 1.26 | 1.06 | 1.49 |
| 400-599% | 1.32 | 1.18 | 1.48 | 1.19 | 1.06 | 1.34 | 1.22 | 1.03 | 1.43 | 1.05 | 0.89 | 1.24 |
| At or above 600% | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Stroke | ||||||||||||
| Education (years) | ||||||||||||
| <12 | 3.17 | 1.99 | 5.05 | 2.12 | 1.27 | 3.54 | 3.17 | 1.69 | 5.95 | 1.72 | 0.86 | 3.47 |
| 12 | 1.91 | 1.20 | 3.05 | 1.71 | 1.03 | 2.84 | 2.22 | 1.19 | 4.13 | 1.52 | 0.77 | 2.99 |
| 13-15 | 1.98 | 1.20 | 3.28 | 1.81 | 1.07 | 3.06 | 1.81 | 0.94 | 3.50 | 1.34 | 0.67 | 2.69 |
| 16 | 1.13 | 0.63 | 2.03 | 1.10 | 0.61 | 2.00 | 1.44 | 0.70 | 2.98 | 1.27 | 0.61 | 2.65 |
| 17+ | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Occupation | ||||||||||||
| Professional/managerial | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Non-professional | 1.47 | 1.11 | 1.94 | 1.03 | 0.75 | 1.40 | 1.81 | 1.21 | 2.71 | 1.28 | 0.82 | 2.02 |
| Unemployed/outside labor force | 2.70 | 2.04 | 3.57 | 2.16 | 1.57 | 2.98 | 2.90 | 1.92 | 4.40 | 1.82 | 1.13 | 2.93 |
| Poverty status (ratio of family income to poverty threshold) | ||||||||||||
| Below 100% | 3.27 | 2.42 | 4.42 | 1.53 | 1.08 | 2.16 | 3.74 | 2.44 | 5.74 | 2.10 | 1.27 | 3.47 |
| 100-149% | 1.96 | 1.38 | 2.80 | 1.12 | 0.77 | 1.64 | 2.06 | 1.20 | 3.55 | 1.34 | 0.75 | 2.41 |
| 150-199% | 1.75 | 1.24 | 2.48 | 1.13 | 0.78 | 1.62 | 2.82 | 1.75 | 4.56 | 1.97 | 1.18 | 3.29 |
| 200-299% | 1.76 | 1.30 | 2.38 | 1.27 | 0.92 | 1.74 | 1.95 | 1.26 | 3.02 | 1.47 | 0.93 | 2.35 |
| 300-399% | 1.45 | 1.04 | 2.01 | 1.13 | 0.81 | 1.59 | 1.53 | 0.96 | 2.44 | 1.23 | 0.76 | 2.00 |
| 400-599% | 1.18 | 0.86 | 1.62 | 1.01 | 0.73 | 1.39 | 1.24 | 0.78 | 1.95 | 1.08 | 0.68 | 1.72 |
| At or above 600% | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
Notes: Relative risks (hazard ratios) were derived from multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models.
1
Adjusted for age only.
2
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, metropolitan/non-metropolitan residence educational attainment, occupation, and income/poverty level