Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by B-line tertilesa (n = 195)
| Incomplete B-line data (n = 10) | 0 B-lines (n = 72) | 1–2 B-lines (n = 54) | ≥3 B-lines (n = 59) | P (trend)† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sum of B-line in eight zones (median, IQR) | N/A | 0 | 1.5 (1–2) | 5 (4–8) | N/A |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age | 76 (69–80) | 61 (51–73) | 64 (55–72) | 73 (65–82) | <0.001 |
| Male | 6 (60) | 37 (51) | 33 (61) | 42 (71) | 0.021 |
| Race | 0.992 | ||||
| White | 9 (90) | 51 (71) | 42 (78) | 42 (71) | |
| Black | 1 (10) | 15 (21) | 9 (17) | 10 (17) | |
| Hispanic | 0 | 4 (6) | 3 (6) | 7 (12) | |
| Asian | 0 | 2 (3) | 0 | 0 | |
| NYHA class III or IV (n, %) | 5 (50) | 19 (27) | 12 (22) | 31 (53) | 0.003 |
| Days since last HF admission (n = 180) | 40 (9–123) | 94 (35–172) | 89 (26–159) | 40 (14–161) | 0.171 |
| HF admission within past 6 months (n, %) | 7 (70) | 50 (70) | 43 (80) | 44 (75) | 0.555 |
| Medical history | |||||
| Hypertension | 7 (70) | 49 (68) | 40 (74) | 43 (73) | 0.526 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4 (40) | 35 (49) | 26 (48) | 31 (53) | 0.666 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 6 (60) | 30 (42) | 27 (50) | 38 (64) | 0.010 |
| Current smoker | 0 | 7 (10) | 6 (11) | 3 (5) | 0.371 |
| COPD | 2 (20) | 17 (24) | 16 (30) | 14 (24) | 0.952 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 0 | 0 | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 0.335 |
| Obstructive sleep apnoea | 3 (30) | 23 (32) | 12 (22) | 11 (19) | 0.076 |
| PCI | 4 (40) | 14 (19) | 14 (26) | 15 (25) | 0.405 |
| CABG | 7 (70) | 14 (19) | 14 (26) | 18 (31) | 0.143 |
| Myocardial infarction | 6 (60) | 16 (22) | 14 (26) | 18 (31) | 0.284 |
| Pacemaker | 0 | 8 (11) | 8 (15) | 12 (20) | 0.145 |
| CRT | 3 (30) | 13 (18) | 9 (17) | 14 (24) | 0.436 |
| ICD | 5 (50) | 28 (39) | 27 (50) | 28 (48) | 0.305 |
| Stroke | 1 (10) | 9 (13) | 4 (7) | 11 (19) | 0.337 |
| Cancer | 6 (60) | 11 (15) | 13 (24) | 18 (31) | 0.038 |
| Medications | |||||
| β-Blocker | 10 (100) | 65 (90) | 48 (89) | 51 (86) | 0.495 |
| ACE-I/ARB | 6 (60) | 54 (75) | 38 (70) | 33 (56) | 0.022 |
| Digoxin | 2 (20) | 12 (17) | 12 (22) | 15 (25) | 0.218 |
| Diuretic | 9 (90) | 65 (90) | 48 (89) | 58 (98) | 0.097 |
| Spironolactone | 1 (10) | 24 (33) | 12 (22) | 20 (34) | 0.990 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 1 (10) | 13 (18) | 5 (9) | 8 (14) | 0.425 |
| Amiodarone | 3 (30) | 12 (17) | 12 (22) | 11 (19) | 0.745 |
| Lipid-lowering drug | 10 (100) | 49 (68) | 33 (61) | 38 (64) | 0.638 |
| Aspirin/antiplatelet agent | 9 (90) | 48 (67) | 37 (69) | 33 (56) | 0.222 |
| Oral anticoagulation | 8 (80) | 35 (49) | 30 (56) | 38 (64) | 0.072 |
| Laboratory results | |||||
| Sodium (mmol/L) (n = 141) | 138 (136–141) | 139 (137–140) | 138 (137–139) | 137 (135–139) | 0.017 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) (n = 140) | 4.0 (3.5–4.4) | 4.1 (3.8–4.5) | 3.9 (3.6–4.3) | 4.1 (3.7–4.4) | 0.501 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) (n = 76) | – | 13 (11–13) | 12 (11–13) | 11 (10–13) | 0.052 |
| Haematocrit (%) (n = 76) | – | 38 (34–40) | 37 (33–40) | 34 (31–39) | 0.041 |
| BUN (mg/dL) (n = 140) | 33 (31–44) | 23 (17–37) | 29 (21–45) | 38 (27–64) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) (n = 141) | 1.4 (0.9–1.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 1.5 (1.2–2.2) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) (n = 141) | 38 (35–72) | 61 (42–76) | 47 (33–63) | 44 (29–56) | 0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) (+/− 7 days) (n = 56) | – | 1070 (239–3017) | 1986 (369–3018) | 5395 (3262–8570) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) (+/−30 days) (n = 92) | – | 1095 (294–2562) | 1651 (467–4049) | 5086 (3025–9428) | <0.001 |
| LVEF | |||||
| EF (%) (n = 181) | 46 (28–60) | 36 (25–55) | 33 (22–49) | 32 (23–43) | 0.052 |
| EF ≥ 45% (n, %) | 5 (50) | 38 (54) | 27 (58) | 23 (43) | 0.223 |
PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; ICD; implantable cardioverter de brillator; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.
aData are presented as median (IQR) for continuous and as count (%) for categorical data.
†P(trend) for B-line tertile 1–3.