Table 1.
Concentrations of Phthalate Metabolites (μg/L) and Handgrip Strength (kg) According to baseline characteristics of the study population in the korean elderly environmental Panel II Study (2012–2015)
| Baseline covariates | Totala (n = 1,228) | 1st survey (n = 758) | 2nd survey (n = 767) | 3rd survey (n = 782) | Handgrip strengthb (AM ± SD) | MEOHP (GM ± GSD) | MEHHP (GM ± GSD) | MnBP (GM ± GSD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 75.0 ± 6.1 | 74.7 ± 5.9 | 75.7 ± 5.8 | 76.0 ± 5.8 | ||||
| 60–69 | 244 (19.9) | 153 (20.2) | 116 (15.1) | 111 (14.2) | 22.0 ± 6.9 | 13.5 ± 2.8 | 18.8 ± 2.8 | 27.9 ± 2.1 |
| 70–79 | 694 (56.5) | 444 (58.6) | 459 (59.8) | 453 (57.9) | 20.4 ± 7.5 | 15.4 ± 2.4 | 20.7 ± 2.5 | 28.2 ± 2.2 |
| ≥80 | 290 (23.6) | 161 (21.2) | 192 (25.0) | 218 (27.9) | 17.0 ± 7.0 | 17.6 ± 2.4 | 24.3 ± 2.4 | 28.5 ± 2.2 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Men | 374 (30.5) | 237 (31.3) | 197 (25.7) | 216 (27.6) | 27.7 ± 6.5 | 16.5 ± 2.3 | 22.6 ± 2.4 | 29.8 ± 2.1 |
| Women | 854 (69.5) | 521 (68.7) | 570 (74.3) | 566 (72.4) | 16.5 ± 4.9 | 15.0 ± 2.6 | 20.5 ± 2.6 | 27.6 ± 2.2 |
| Tobacco smoking | ||||||||
| Nonsmoker | 1,007 (82.0) | 615 (81.1) | 650 (84.8) | 645 (82.5) | 18.3 ± 6.6 | 15.3 ± 2.5 | 20.8 ± 2.5 | 27.8 ± 2.2 |
| Ex-smoker | 161 (13.1) | 108 (14.3) | 87 (11.3) | 111 (14.2) | 27.5 ± 7.0 | 16.0 ± 2.3 | 22.0 ± 2.6 | 31.9 ± 2.2 |
| Smoker | 60 (4.9) | 35 (4.6) | 30 (3.9) | 26 (3.3) | 26.4 ± 6.9 | 18.1 ± 2.1 | 24.0 ± 2.3 | 26.5 ± 2.3 |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||||||
| No drinking | 886 (72.2) | 538 (71.0) | 579 (75.5) | 427 (54.6) | 18.2 ± 6.5 | 15.6 ± 2.5 | 21.2 ± 2.5 | 27.5 ± 2.2 |
| Ex-drinker | 95 (7.7) | 60 (7.9) | 59 (7.7) | 109 (13.9) | 23.8 ± 7.2 | 15.4 ± 2.2 | 20.6 ± 2.5 | 33.0 ± 2.3 |
| Drinker | 243 (19.8) | 159 (21.0) | 122 (15.9) | 246 (31.5) | 24.4 ± 8.5 | 15.4 ± 2.4 | 21.1 ± 2.6 | 29.4 ± 2.0 |
| Did not answer | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 7 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 17.7 ± 1.6 | 9.6 ± 10.5 | 22.7 ± 4.8 | 21.6 ± 3.9 |
| Moderate physical activity | ||||||||
| No exercise | 772 (62.9) | 486 (64.1) | 430 (56.1) | 403 (51.5) | 19.2 ± 7.9 | 16.0 ± 2.4 | 22.0 ± 2.5 | 26.5 ± 2.2 |
| ≤3 times/week | 206 (16.8) | 105 (13.9) | 190 (24.8) | 190 (24.3) | 19.3 ± 6.3 | 15.1 ± 2.4 | 19.8 ± 2.5 | 31.7 ± 2.0 |
| ≥4 times/week | 246 (20.0) | 163 (21.5) | 147 (19.2) | 189 (24.2) | 22.4 ± 6.7 | 14.3 ± 3.0 | 19.6 ± 2.7 | 30.8 ± 2.2 |
| Did not answer | 4 (0.3) | 4 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 20.2 ± 3.9 | 22.7 ± 1.7 | 30.1 ± 1.5 | 44.8 ± 1.4 |
| Monthly income (US $) | ||||||||
| <450 | 589 (48.0) | 316 (41.7) | 426 (55.5) | 327 (41.8) | 19.2 ± 7.4 | 16.8 ± 2.3 | 23.0 ± 2.4 | 27.7 ± 2.2 |
| 450–1,349 | 173 (14.1) | 75 (9.9) | 120 (15.7) | 264 (33.8) | 21.9 ± 8.3 | 15.7 ± 2.7 | 22.7 ± 2.5 | 30.5 ± 2.2 |
| ≥1,350 | 126 (10.3) | 85 (11.2) | 92 (12.0) | 87 (11.1) | 23.4 ± 7.5 | 12.4 ± 2.7 | 17.2 ± 2.7 | 27.1 ± 2.2 |
| Did not answer | 340 (27.7) | 282 (37.2) | 129 (16.8) | 104 (13.3) | 18.8 ± 6.6 | 14.4 ± 2.6 | 18.9 ± 2.7 | 28.4 ± 2.1 |
| Education level | ||||||||
| Less than elementary school | 399 (32.5) | 224 (29.6) | 254 (33.1) | 272 (34.8) | 16.1 ± 6.1 | 16.8 ± 2.3 | 22.8 ± 2.3 | 27.6 ± 2.2 |
| Elementary or middle school | 598 (48.7) | 371 (48.9) | 374 (48.8) | 373 (47.7) | 20.4 ± 7.0 | 15.5 ± 2.6 | 21.4 ± 2.6 | 28.2 ± 2.2 |
| High school or higher | 231 (18.8) | 163 (21.5) | 139 (18.1) | 137 (17.5) | 24.9 ± 7.7 | 13.4 ± 2.6 | 17.8 ± 2.6 | 29.5 ± 2.1 |
| City of residence | ||||||||
| Seoul | 554 (45.1) | 391 (51.6) | 392 (51.1) | 396 (50.6) | 19.9 ± 6.6 | 12.2 ± 2.5 | 15.9 ± 2.5 | 30.2 ± 2.1 |
| Asan | 674 (54.9) | 367 (48.4) | 375 (48.9) | 386 (49.4) | 19.9 ± 8.1 | 18.8 ± 2.3 | 26.6 ± 2.4 | 26.7 ± 2.2 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 3.2 | 24.0 ± 2.9 | 23.8 ± 3.3 | 24.2 ± 3.3 | ||||
| <23 | 513 (41.8) | 292 (38.5) | 311 (40.6) | 295 (37.7) | 18.9 ± 7.5 | 15.8 ± 2.5 | 21.0 ± 2.6 | 26.5 ± 2.2 |
| 23–24 | 319 (26.0) | 207 (27.3) | 189 (24.6) | 193 (24.7) | 21.5 ± 7.5 | 14.8 ± 2.6 | 20.4 ± 2.6 | 28.2 ± 2.1 |
| ≥25 | 396 (32.3) | 259 (34.2) | 267 (34.8) | 294 (37.6) | 19.8 ± 7.3 | 15.7 ± 2.4 | 21.9 ± 2.3 | 30.6 ± 2.2 |
| Comorbidity statusc | ||||||||
| 0 | 351 (28.6) | 208 (27.4) | 189 (24.6) | 146 (18.7) | 20.5 ± 7.6 | 14.1 ± 2.7 | 18.9 ± 2.7 | 27.2 ± 2.1 |
| 1 | 499 (40.6) | 329 (43.4) | 282 (36.8) | 280 (35.8) | 20.3 ± 7.9 | 16.0 ± 2.4 | 21.8 ± 2.4 | 28.5 ± 2.1 |
| 2 | 291 (23.7) | 183 (24.1) | 215 (28.0) | 213 (27.2) | 19.2 ± 6.9 | 15.7 ± 2.6 | 21.8 ± 2.6 | 29.3 ± 2.3 |
| ≥3 | 87 (7.1) | 38 (5.0) | 81 (10.6) | 143 (18.3) | 17.7 ± 6.4 | 17.9 ± 2.3 | 24.6 ± 2.3 | 27.5 ± 2.2 |
AM arithmetic mean, SD standard deviation, GM geometric mean, GSD geometric standard deviation, MEOHP mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, MEHHP mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, MnBP mono-n-butyl-phthalate
aBaseline characteristics of the participants included in analyses are presented. Values are presented as n (%) or means ± standard deviations. bAverage of the right handgrip strengths measured at the first and second attempts. cThe number of chronic diseases that were self-reported as being present: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoarthritis, stroke, coronary heart disease, stomach cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, or other cancer