Table 4.
Differences between subjective ratings and the regional cerebral blood flow of chronic whiplash associated disorders patients.
| Parameter Estimate | B ± SE | 95% Wald CI |
Z | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||
| Posterior cingulate gyrus (right) | |||||
| (Intercept) | 59.96 ± 4.67 | 50.81 | 69.11 | 12.84 | < 0.01 |
| VAS | 1.48 ± 0.96 | − 0.40 | 3.36 | 1.55 | 0.12 |
| WDQ | − 0.05 ± 0.10 | − 0.25 | 0.15 | − 0.52 | 0.60 |
| NDI | − 0.44 ± 0.26 | − 0.95 | 0.08 | − 1.66 | 0.10 |
| HADS | 0.28 ± 0.31 | − 0.33 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.37 |
| Perception threshold | 0.77 ± 0.71 | − 0.63 | 2.16 | 1.08 | 0.28 |
| Pain threshold | − 0.23 ± 0.15 | − 0.53 | 0.07 | − 1.49 | 0.14 |
| Precuneus (right) | |||||
| (Intercept) | 58.73 ± 2.31 | 54.22 | 63.25 | 25.48 | < 0.01 |
| VAS | − 0.48 ± 0.52 | − 1.51 | 0.54 | − 0.92 | 0.36 |
| WDQ | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.28 | 3.32 | < 0.01 |
| NDI | − 0.41 ± 0.13 | − 0.67 | − 0.15 | − 3.08 | < 0.01 |
| HADS | − 0.49 ± 0.14 | − 0.77 | − 0.21 | − 3.45 | < 0.01 |
| Perception threshold | 0.12 ± 0.34 | − 0.55 | 0.79 | 0.36 | 0.72 |
| Pain threshold | 0.08 ± 0.06 | − 0.04 | 0.19 | 1.29 | 0.20 |
| Superior temporal gyrus (right) | |||||
| (Intercept) | 39.78 ± 1.89 | 36.07 | 43.48 | 21.02 | < 0.01 |
| VAS | 0.26 ± 0.54 | − 0.80 | 1.31 | 0.48 | 0.63 |
| WDQ | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 3.58 | < 0.01 |
| NDI | − 0.21 ± 0.14 | − 0.49 | 0.07 | − 1.46 | 0.14 |
| HADS | − 0.12 ± 0.11 | − 0.33 | 0.1 | − 1.06 | 0.29 |
| Perception threshold | − 0.92 ± 0.34 | − 1.58 | − 0.27 | − 2.75 | 0.01 |
| Pain threshold | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.2 | 1.88 | 0.06 |
| Insula (right) | |||||
| (Intercept) | 49.69 ± 1.70 | 46.36 | 53.03 | 29.20 | < 0.01 |
| VAS | − 0.62 ± 0.41 | − 1.42 | 0.18 | − 1.51 | 0.13 |
| WDQ | − 0.06 ± 0.02 | − 0.10 | − 0.02 | − 2.86 | < 0.01 |
| NDI | 0.66 ± 0.11 | 0.45 | 0.87 | 6.16 | < 0.01 |
| HADS | − 0.04 ± 0.06 | − 0.16 | 0.09 | − 0.59 | 0.56 |
| Perception threshold | − 0.09 ± 0.29 | − 0.66 | 0.48 | − 0.31 | 0.75 |
| Pain threshold | − 0.20 ± 0.06 | − 0.32 | − 0.09 | − 3.54 | < 0.01 |
| Parahippocampal gyrus (right) | |||||
| (Intercept) | 34.03 ± 1.89 | 30.33 | 37.73 | 18.04 | < 0.01 |
| VAS | 0.51 ± 0.62 | − 0.71 | 1.73 | 0.83 | 0.41 |
| WDQ | − 0.01 ± 0.04 | − 0.09 | 0.07 | − 0.19 | 0.85 |
| NDI | − 0.10 ± 0.15 | − 0.40 | 0.19 | − 0.69 | 0.49 |
| HADS | 0.04 ± 0.13 | − 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.75 |
| Perception threshold | − 0.50 ± 0.39 | − 1.27 | 0.28 | − 1.26 | 0.21 |
| Pain threshold | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 8.57 | < 0.01 |
| Thalamus (right) | |||||
| (Intercept) | 48.63 ± 4.84 | 39.15 | 58.11 | 10.05 | < 0.01 |
| VAS | 0.64 ± 0.71 | − 0.75 | 2.04 | 0.91 | 0.36 |
| WDQ | − 0.08 ± 0.09 | − 0.26 | 0.1 | − 0.85 | 0.40 |
| NDI | − 0.11 ± 0.28 | − 0.65 | 0.44 | − 0.38 | 0.70 |
| HADS | 0.38 ± 0.35 | − 0.30 | 1.06 | 1.10 | 0.27 |
| Perception threshold | 0.63 ± 0.60 | − 0.54 | 1.8 | 1.06 | 0.29 |
| Pain threshold | 0.00 ± 0.14 | − 0.28 | 0.28 | − 0.02 | 0.98 |
| Inferior Frontal gyrus (left) | |||||
| (Intercept) | 59.70 ± 2.12 | 55.53 | 63.86 | 28.10 | < 0.01 |
| VAS | − 1.17 ± 0.37 | − 1.90 | − 0.44 | − 3.13 | < 0.01 |
| WDQ | − 0.02 ± 0.06 | − 0.13 | 0.09 | − 0.32 | 0.75 |
| NDI | 0.16 ± 0.11 | − 0.05 | 0.38 | 1.49 | 0.14 |
| HADS | − 0.12 ± 0.17 | − 0.45 | 0.21 | − 0.73 | 0.47 |
| Perception threshold | − 0.33 ± 0.27 | − 0.85 | 0.2 | − 1.22 | 0.22 |
| Pain threshold | 0.09 ± 0.07 | − 0.04 | 0.23 | 1.37 | 0.17 |
| Insula (left) | |||||
| (Intercept) | 60.60 ± 2.88 | 54.96 | 66.25 | 21.05 | < 0.01 |
| VAS | − 0.98 ± 0.97 | − 2.88 | 0.92 | − 1.01 | 0.31 |
| WDQ | − 0.08 ± 0.12 | − 0.32 | 0.17 | − 0.61 | 0.54 |
| NDI | 0.23 ± 0.18 | − 0.13 | 0.58 | 1.25 | 0.21 |
| HADS | − 0.21 ± 0.35 | − 0.89 | 0.48 | − 0.59 | 0.55 |
| Perception threshold | − 0.27 ± 0.52 | − 1.29 | 0.76 | − 0.51 | 0.61 |
| Pain threshold | 0.10 ± 0.09 | − 0.08 | 0.27 | 1.06 | 0.29 |
Parameter estimates obtained using Generalized Estimating Equations. B: unstandardized coefficient, SE: standard error; CI: confidence interval; VAS: last 3 months average pain measured with visual analog scale; WDQ: Whiplash Disability Questionnaire; NDI: Neck Disability Index; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Perception and pain thresholds expressed in milliamperes.