Table 1.

Possible Effects of Modifiable Risk Factors on Clinical Outcomes in Reproduction^a.

Step of Reproductive Process	Female	Male
Hormonal regulation	Environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals	Environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals
	Alcohol use	Dietary factors
	BMI	Alcohol use
		BMI
Ovulation	Caffeine use (possible)
	Dietary factors
	BMI
Fallopian tube function	Tobacco use
Fertilization	BMI	Antioxidants (may be beneficial)
		Alcohol use
Implantation	Tobacco use
Early fetal growth	Tobacco use
	Alcohol use

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ART, Assisted reproductive technology.

^aThe table summarizes the clinical outcomes suggested by the body of infertility and ART-focused literature that are included in this review. We recognize that additional findings related to pathophysiologic and biological associations exist, which may not be included in this table of clinical outcomes.