TABLE 2.

RANDOMIZED TRIALS OF PERI-OPERATIVE RENAL PROTECTION STUDIES IN LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS

AUTHOR	N	STUDY DESIGN	MAJOR FINDINGS
Zacharias (38)	4378	Cochrane database systematic review: Only randomized controlled trials - 72 studies included in analysis	No reliable evidence that interventions during surgery can provide protection from renal injury Methodology of trials and definitions for renal failure/AKI not consistent and at times of poor quality
Mukhtar (34)	40	Prospective randomized (living donor transplantation): 6% HES 130/0.4 vs. albumin 5% intraoperatively and first 4 post-LT days	No difference in CrCl in both groups Cystatin C levels trended toward higher in the HES group
Hilmi (29)	100	Prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled: 140 mg/kg of NAC bolus after induction anesthesia followed by 70 mg/kg q4 h × 12 doses vs. 0.9% IV saline given similarly	No difference in AKI between NAC and placebo at day 14
Grande (37)	77	Prospective randomized non-blinded: Intraoperative venous-venous bypass vs. no bypass	No statistical difference was found in renal function or need for hemodialysis between groups
Della Rocca (30)	43	Prospective randomized non-blinded: Fenoldopam 0.1 μg · kg−1 · min−1 vs. dopamine 2 μg · kg−1 during and until 48 h post-LT	Significantly less AKI and requirement for diuretics at day 3 post-LT in fenoldepam group
Biancofiore (31)	140	Prospective randomized non-blinded: Fenoldopam patients 0.1 μg · kg−1 · min−1 vs. dopamine 3 μg · kg−1 vs. placebo during and until 96 h post-LT	No change in CrCl with fenoldopam but significantly less drop in CrCl with dopamine vs. placebo

AKI: Acute Kidney Injury; CrCL: Creatinine Clearance; HES: Hydroxyethyl Starch: NAC: N-Acetylcysteine.