Table 1.
Sample characteristics: demographics, education and psychopathology
| Variable | Sample | Test Statistic | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD (N = 60) | ED (N = 26) | LR (N = 55) | |||
| Age M (SD) | |||||
| F | df | ||||
| 102 (20) | 104 (29) | 108 (21) | .956 | 2 | |
| Gender n (%) | |||||
| χ2 | df | ||||
| Male | 27 (45) | 20 (77) | 27 (49) | 7.83* | 2 |
| Female | 33 (55) | 6 (23) | 28 (51) | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| White british | 50 (83) | 24 (92) | 51 (93) | 10.61 | 6 |
| Mixed white and black | 7 (12) | 0 | 1 (2) | ||
| Mixed white and asian | 1 (2) | 2 (8) | 1 (2) | ||
| Other mixed | 2 (3) | 0 | 2 (3) | ||
| Parent educational level | |||||
| None | 0 | 0 | 1 (2) | 61.88*** | 6 |
| Secondary | 2 (3) | 15 (58) | 3 (6) | ||
| Post-16 | 2 (3) | 3 (11) | 3 (6) | ||
| Higher Degree/professional | 55 (93) | 5 (19) | 43 (86) | ||
| Educational placement | |||||
| Mainstream | 58 (97) | 26 (100) | 55 (100) | ||
| SEN | 2 (3) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Learning disability (%) | 7 (12) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Language M (SD) | |||||
| F | df | ||||
| Word classes | 26.6 (9.6) | 22.5 (10.4) | 27.9 (8.9) | 2.78 | 2 |
| Recalling sentences | 50.8 (16.8) | 49.9 (12.6) | 64.6 (14.5) | 13.8*** | 2 |
| Psychopathology n (%) | |||||
| (Total N) | (54) | (13) | (37) | ||
| Any disorder | 35 (65) | 13 (100) | 7 (19) | ||
| Emotional disorder | 17 (32) | 4 (31) | 3 (6) | ||
| ADHD | 24 (44) | 10 (77) | 1 (2) | ||
| ODD | 21 (39) | 5 (38) | 2 (4) | ||
| CD | 6 (11) | 5 (38) | 1 (2) | ||
AD = adopted; ED = externalizing disorder; LR = low risk. SD = standard deviation; df = degrees of freedom; SEN = special educational needs; M = mean. ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ODD = oppositional defiance disorder; CD = conduct disorder
*p < .05
***p < .001