Table 3.
Associations between sociodemographic variables and antenatal depression.
| Characteristics | Depressed n (%) | Nondepressed n (%) | Total (%) | χ 2 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level of care (N = 314)∗ | |||||
| Primary | 28 (26.4) | 78 (73.6) | 106 (100) | ||
| Secondary | 13 (12.5) | 91 (87.5) | 104 (100) | 14.051 | 0.001 |
| Tertiary | 36 (34.6) | 68 (65.4) | 104 (100) | ||
|
| |||||
| Type of health facility ∗ (N = 314) | |||||
| Public health facilities | 55 (35.3) | 101 (64.7) | 156 (100) | 19.300 | 0.000 |
| Private health facilities | 22 (13.9) | 136 (86.1) | 158 (100) | ||
|
| |||||
| Age group (N = 311)∗ | |||||
| 15–20 years (young) | 15 (44.1) | 19 (55.9) | 34 (100) | ||
| 21–35 years | 58 (22.7) | 197 (77.3) | 255 (100) | 8.917 | 0.012 |
| 36–49 years (elderly) | 3 (13.6) | 19 (86.4) | 22 (100) | ||
|
| |||||
| Marital status (N = 314)∗ | |||||
| Single | 9 (50) | 9 (50) | 18 (100) | 6.697 | 0.010 |
| Married/others∗∗ | 68 (23) | 228 (77) | 296 (100) | ||
|
| |||||
| Level of education (N = 311)∗ | |||||
| No formal education | 5 (71.4) | 2 (28.6) | 7 (100) | ||
| Primary | 17 (22.7) | 58 (77.3) | 75 (100) | 9.592 | 0.022 |
| Secondary | 41 (25.9) | 117 (74.1) | 158 (100) | ||
| Tertiary | 14 (19.4) | 58 (80.6) | 72 (100) | ||
|
| |||||
| Occupation (N = 311) | |||||
| Professionals | 6 (17.6) | 28 (82.4) | 34 (100) | ||
| Civil servants | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | 6 (100) | ||
| Artisans | 17 (23) | 57 (77) | 74 (100) | 3.837 | 0.429 |
| Traders | 44 (25.3) | 130 (74.7) | 174 (100) | ||
| Students/unemployed | 9 (39.1) | 14 (60.9) | 23 (100) | ||
|
| |||||
| Type of family (N = 293) | |||||
| Monogamy | 53 (23) | 177 (77) | 230 (100) | 0.019 | 0.891 |
| Polygamy/others | 14 (22.2) | 49 (77.8) | 63 (100) | ||
|
| |||||
| Family size (N = 296)∗ | |||||
| Small family size (1–4 persons) | 49 (24) | 155 (76) | 204 (100) | ||
| Average family size (5 persons) | 4 (9.8) | 37 (90.2) | 41 (100) | 7.047 | 0.029 |
| Large family size (≥6 persons) | 17 (33.3) | 34 (66.7) | 51 (100) | ||
|
| |||||
| Wealth index (N = 314) | |||||
| Very poor | 14 (29.2) | 34 (70.8) | 48 (100) | ||
| Poor | 34 (26) | 97 (74) | 131 (100) | ||
| Average | 16 (22.9) | 54 (77.1) | 70 (100) | 1.528 | 0.822 |
| Rich | 11 (20) | 44 (80) | 55 (100) | ||
| Very rich | 2 (20) | 8 (80) | 10 (100) | ||
|
| |||||
| Drinking beer, wine, and/or spirit/liquor in this pregnancy? (N = 294)∗ | |||||
| Yes | 9 (52.9) | 8 (47.1) | 17 (100) | 8.441 | 0.004 |
| No | 61 (22) | 216 (780) | 277 (100) | ||
|
| |||||
| Social support (SSQ) (N = 314) | |||||
| Low social support | 10 (34.5) | 19 (65.5) | 29 (100) | ||
| Average social support | 53 (24.5) | 163 (75.5) | 216 (100) | 2.222 | 0.329 |
| High social support | 14 (20.3) | 55 (79.7) | 69 (100) | ||
|
| |||||
| Gender based abuse (N = 314)∗ | |||||
| Rape | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | 6 (100) | ||
| Physical assault | 9 (50) | 9 (50) | 18 (100) | ||
| Intimidation/threat | 8 (50) | 8 (50) | 16 (100) | 18.636 | 0.001 |
| Financial deprivation/poor | 6 (37.5) | 10 (62.5) | 16 (100) | ||
| Financial support | |||||
| None | 51 (19.8) | 207 (80.2) | 258 (100) | ||
|
| |||||
| Childhood experience (N = 256) | |||||
| Pleasant | 58 (24.3) | 181 (75.7) | 239 (100) | 2.395 | 0.122 |
| Unpleasant | 7 (41.2) | 10 (58.8) | 17 (100) | ||
∗Significant variables.
∗∗Divorced and separated.