Table 1.
Sample Characteristics by Driving Status at Time 1 (N = 6,680)
| Current driver | Ex-driver | Never driver | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 4,996 (81.28) | 1,193 (13.51) | 491 (5.21) | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years)a | 73.60 (0.10) | 78.71 (0.34) | 77.39 (0.43) | <.001 |
| Male (%) | 48.69 | 30.14 | 10.64 | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | <.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 85.14 | 71.47 | 45.41 | |
| Black | 6.58 | 12.45 | 20.44 | |
| Hispanic | 4.94 | 10.67 | 24.45 | |
| Other | 3.34 | 5.44 | 9.71 | |
| Born in the United States (%) | 90.60 | 84.57 | 57.30 | <.001 |
| Marital status (%) | <.001 | |||
| Married | 64.59 | 41.04 | 30.75 | |
| Divorced/separated | 11.48 | 16.31 | 14.82 | |
| Widowed | 21.30 | 38.61 | 44.67 | |
| Never married | 2.63 | 4.05 | 9.76 | |
| Living arrangement (%) | <.001 | |||
| Alone | 26.29 | 31.50 | 34.43 | |
| With spouse | 63.71 | 40.10 | 28.46 | |
| With other | 10.0 | 28.40 | 37.11 | |
| Education (%) | <.001 | |||
| <High school | 16.84 | 33.08 | 62.66 | |
| High school diploma | 26.70 | 30.43 | 23.53 | |
| Some college | 28.37 | 22.11 | 10.87 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 28.08 | 14.08 | 2.94 | |
| Income (in $5,000 unit)b | 13.15 (0.78) | 7.32 (1.58) | 3.31 (0.18) | <.001 |
| Have ever worked outside home (%) | 94.01 | 89.25 | 72.88 | <.001 |
| Worked for pay last month (%) | 21.44 | 3.88 | 5.74 | <.001 |
| Volunteered last month (%) | 30.18 | 8.96 | 11.28 | <.001 |
| Health and mental health status | ||||
| No. of chronic illnessesa | 2.22 (0.02) | 2.96 (0.06) | 2.75 (0.07) | <.001 |
| No. of ADL/IADL impairmentsa | 0.56 (0.05) | 2.66 (0.10) | 2.48 (0.24) | <.001 |
| Self-rated healtha | 2.51 (0.02) | 3.32 (0.04) | 3.37 (0.07) | <.001 |
| Word recall scorec | 3.85 (0.04) | 2.62 (0.07) | 2.63 (0.12) | <.001 |
| Self-rated memorya | 2.48 (0.02) | 2.93 (0.03) | 2.99 (0.06) | <.001 |
| Vision problems (%) | 2.60 | 12.31 | 10.42 | <.001 |
| Depressive symptomsa | 2.76 (0.02) | 3.36 (0.05) | 3.51 (0.12) | <.001 |
| Social participation in the preceding month | ||||
| Visited family/friends not coresiding (%) | 90.96 | 77.67 | 73.19 | <.001 |
| Attended religious services (%) | 59.89 | 45.05 | 56.03 | <.001 |
| Attended club/class/organized activities (%) | 42.69 | 18.74 | 17.02 | <.001 |
| Went out for enjoyment (%) | 85.47 | 60.17 | 55.34 | <.001 |
Notes: ADL/IADL = activities and instrumental activities of daily living.
aBonferronni-corrected analysis of variance (ANOVA): current driver < ex-driver = never driver.
bBonferronni-corrected ANOVA: current driver > ex-driver > never driver.
cBonferronni-corrected ANOVA: current driver > ex-driver = never driver.