Table 4.
Correlates of Depressive Symptoms Among Nondrivers
| Time 1 (N = 1,666), B (SE) | Time 2 (N = 1,446), B (SE) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age | −0.01 (0.00)* | −0.01 (0.01) |
| Male | 0.03 (0.10) | 0.12 (0.11) |
| (Female) | ||
| Black | 0.02 (0.11) | −0.11 (0.10) |
| Hispanic | 0.02 (0.22) | 0.28 (0.21) |
| Other Race | −0.26 (0.21) | −0.07 (0.21) |
| (Non-Hispanic White) | ||
| Born in the United States | −0.23 (0.14) | 0.19 (0.15) |
| (Foreign-born) | ||
| Married | 0.17 (0.11) | −0.03 (0.10) |
| (Not married) | ||
| College degree | −0.16 (0.13) | −0.13 (0.09) |
| (No college degree) | ||
| Income (in $5,000) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| No. of chronic illnesses | 0.19 (0.03)*** | 0.10 (0.03)*** |
| Self-rated health | 0.40 (0.05)*** | 0.32 (0.03)*** |
| Ex-driver | −0.17 (0.12) | |
| (Never driver) | ||
| T1 and T2 ex-driver | −0.10 (0.09) | |
| T1 driver–T2 ex-driver | 0.05 (0.14) | |
| (Never driver) | ||
| T1 depressive symptom score | 0.34 (0.03)*** | |
| Mobility means | ||
| Walk/wheelchair/scooter | −0.19 (0.06)** | −0.28 (0.10)** |
| Use ride from family/friend/paid help | −0.15 (0.13) | −0.19 (0.13) |
| Use public transportation | −0.20 (0.14) | 0.18 (0.14) |
| Use taxi | 0.07 (0.09) | −0.12 (0.12) |
| Use van services | 0.02 (0.11) | −0.06 (0.11) |
| Use other means | 0.42 (0.40) | 0.32 (0.32) |
| Transportation-caused barriers to | ||
| Visiting family/friends | 0.38 (0.13)** | 0.15 (0.15) |
| Attending religious services | 0.04 (0.14) | −0.19 (0.19) |
| Attending meetings/activities | 0.19 (0.18) | 0.09 (0.20) |
| Going out for enjoyment | 0.06 (0.17) | 0.09 (0.14) |
| F(22, 35) = 11.41, df = 56, p <.001, R 2 = 20.48 | F(24, 33) = 24.42, df = 56, p < .001, R 2 = 29.32 | |
Notes: (): Reference category.*p < .05. **p < .01.***p < .001.