Table 1.
Sample characteristics and differences by place of residence (N = 353)
| Total | Rural | Urban | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 179) | (n = 174) | |||
| Maternal age (years), mean, ± SD (n = 347) | 29.4 ± 6.9 | 29.0 ± 6.5 | 29.7 ± 7.3 | .074 |
| Education (years), mean, ± SD | 5.7 ± 3.8 | 4.3 ± 3.1 | 7.1 ± 4.0 | < .001 |
| Total # persons in household, mean, ± SD | 5.8 ± 2.0 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 5.4 ± 1.8 | .037 |
| Crowding (# persons/# rooms), mean, ± SD | 2.6 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | .022 |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Marital status | .051 | |||
| Married | 334 (94.9) | 174 (97.8) | 160 (92.0) | |
| Other | 18 (5.1) | 4 (2.2) | 14 (8.0) | |
| Currently pregnant | 31 (8.8) | 16 (8.9) | 15 (8.6) | ns |
| Ethnicity (tribal association) | < .001 | |||
| Sidama | 251 (71.5) | 167 (93.8) | 84 (48.6) | |
| Amhara | 58 (16.5) | 6 (3.4) | 52 (30.1) | |
| Gurage | 20 (5.7) | 2 (1.1) | 18 (10.4) | |
| Oromo | 14 (4.0) | 3 (1.7) | 11 (6.4) | |
| Other | 8 (2.3) | 1 (0.0) | 8 (4.6) | |
| Religious affiliation, type | < .001 | |||
| Protestant | 278 (79.2) | 174 (97.8) | 104 (60.1) | |
| Orthodox Christian | 61 (17.4) | 3 (1.7) | 58 (33.5) | |
| Muslim | 10 (2.8) | 0 (0) | 10 (5.8) | |
| Catholic | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | |
| Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) | ||||
| “Multidimensionally poor” householdsa | 48 (13.6) | 37 (20.7) | 11 (6.3) | <.001 |
| Individual MPI Indicators:b | ||||
| No one in household completed 5 years schooling | 38 (11.3) | 29 (16.6) | 9 (5.6) | .002 |
| School-age child not enrolled in grade 1 to 8 | 31 (8.8) | 22 (12.4) | 9 (5.2) | .018 |
| Child death (< 5 years of age) | 107 (30.3) | 56 (31.3) | 51 (29.3) | ns |
| No electricity | 71 (20.1) | 57 (31.8) | 14 (8.0) | <.001 |
| Limited access to clean drinking waterc | 85 (24.1) | 50 (27.9) | 35 (20.1) | .055 |
| No toilet or improved latrine | 64 (18.1) | 16 (8.9) | 48 (27.6) | <.001 |
| Dirt, sand or dung flooring in dwelling | 150 (42.5) | 117 (65.4) | 33 (19.0) | <.001 |
| Cook with biomass fuel (wood, charcoal, or dung) | 352 (99.7) | 178 (99.4) | 174 (100) | ns |
| Assetsd | 244 (69.1) | 153 (85.5) | 91 (52.3) | <.001 |
| Type of house | <.001 | |||
| Rented, leased or borrowed | 91 (25.8) | 4 (2.2) | 87 (50.0) | |
| Owned | 262 (74.2) | 175 (97.8) | 87 (50.0) | |
| Household decision-making (HDM) | ||||
| Composite HDM scoree, mean ± SD | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | <.001 |
aNumber and percent (%) households deprived in ≥33.3 % of weighted MPI indicators
bNumber and percent (%) deprived within each individual indicator
cHousehold does not have access to clean drinking water or clean water is > 30 min walk from home
dHousehold does not own more than one of: radio, TV, telephone, bike, or motorbike, and do not own a car or tractor
eComposite score of three HDM questions. Score for each question = 1 if reported “self” or “jointly” (Possible score 0 to 3 with higher scores associated with greater participation in decision-making)