Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Variable | n | mean ± SD or % |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 430 | 76.6±7.0 |
| Sex: women (%) | 291 | 67.7 |
| Race: white (%) | 355 | 82.6 |
| Number of chronic medical conditions | 430 | 4.0±1.9 |
| Hypertension (%) | 297 | 69.1 |
| Osteoarthritis (%) | 293 | 68.3 |
| Heart disease (%) | 158 | 36.8 |
| Cancer (%) | 140 | 32.6 |
| Lung disease (%) | 98 | 22.8 |
| Diabetes (%) | 82 | 19.1 |
| Neurologic disease (%) | 80 | 18.6 |
| Mini-Mental State Exam (18–30) | 430 | 27.4±2.4 |
| Habitual gait speed (m/s) | 430 | 0.9±0.2 |
| Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (0–793) | 429 | 174.9±69.6 |
| Number using assistive device | 118 | 27.4 |
| Leg strength (N/kg) | 387 | 9.45±2.54 |
| Limb velocity (m/s) | 381 | 1.00±0.25 |
| Maximal knee flexion (°) | 425 | 124.6±13.6 |
| Ankle range | 429 | |
| Intact (%) | 307 | 71.6 |
| Impaired (%) | 122 | 28.4 |
| Leg strength asymmetry | 372 | 1.18±0.29 |
| Kyphosis (height/length × 100 of flexicurve instrument) | 430 | 10.52±3.08 |
| Trunk extensor endurance (s per kg) | 405 | 1.30±0.88 |
| Lower-extremity activities (0–100) | 430 | 41.8±14.7 |
| SPPB (4–12) | 430 | 8.7±2.3 |
| Participation frequency (0–100) | 430 | 52.3±5.7 |
| Participation limitation (0–100) | 430 | 68.9±11.8 |
Note: SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery.