Table 3. Association between mode of delivery and body mass outcome (Overweight/obese).

All children; children of normal weight mothers; children of overweight/obese mothers.

Body mass outcome	Time period	All children		Children of normal weight mothers (BMI < 25)		Children of overweight/obese mothers (BMI ≥ 25)
		Mode of delivery		Mode of delivery		Mode of delivery
		Caesarean	Vaginal	Caesarean	Vaginal	Caesarean	Vaginal
Child	38 months	1.29 (0.92,1.80)	1.00 (ref)	1.02 (0.68,1.54)	1.00 (ref)	2.13 (1.09,4.18)*	1.00 (ref)
Overweight/obese (z-BMI ≥1.04)	7 years	1.77 (1.20,2.62)**	“	1.36 (0.82,2.25)	“	2.62 (1.27,5.41)**	“
	9 years	1.49 (1.01,2.20)*	“	1.27 (0.77,2.10)	“	1.62 (0.78,3.37)	“
	11 years	1.83 (1.24,2.70)**	“	1.44 (0.87,2.36)	“	2.11 (1.01,4.39)*	“
	15 years	1.11 (0.70,1.78)	“	0.69 (0.36,1.32)	“	1.92 (0.84,4.38)	“

^*= p < .05;

^**= p < .10

Odds ratios are derived from multivariable mixed effects models with subject-level random effects, using logistic regression. Models were run for the outcome “child is overweight/obese”, within each of the three groups (all, children of normal weight mothers, and children of overweight/obese mothers). Models for all children include birth weight, sex, and the variables listed in Table 1, with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI z-score in deciles. Models for the two subgroups include the same variables, with maternal BMI z-score decile assigned within the subgroup.