Table 4.
Estimated Means and Effect Sizes
| Wave 1 | Wave 8 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Measure | Response Options | Control | PA | Control | PA | Effect Size a |
| Healthy Eating & Exercise | 1 to 4 | 3.39 | 3.39 | 3.01 | 3.16 | 0.21 |
| Unhealthy Eating | 1 to 4 | 3.17 | 3.14 | 3.13 | 2.94 | -0.19 |
| Personal Hygiene | 1 to 4 | 4.25 | 4.14 | 3.75 | 3.90 | 0.48 |
| Consistent Bedtime | 0 to 1 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.35 |
| Body Mass Index z-score | z-scale | -- | -- | 1.17 | 0.96 | −0.21 |
a
For continuous measures with data available at all time points, the estimated mean difference at the baseline was subtracted from the estimated mean difference at the end point to obtain the difference of differences, and this value was then divided by the pooled standard deviation at the baseline to calculate effect size. For continuous measures with endpoint data only, Hedges g effect size was calculated. For binary measures, the Cox transformation was used to calculate effect size. All calculations were made using real time.
PA = Positive Action program