Table 1.
Receptors | Sites | Mediators | Other regulators | Functions | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phosphorylation | TβRI | GS domain | TβRII | TβRI activation | Wrana et al. 1994; Wieser et al. 1995 | |
S165 | TβRII | Required for TGF-β-mediated apoptosis, but attenuating growth inhibition and extracellular matrix (ECM) production | Souchelnytskyi et al. 1996 | |||
Tyrosine | Unknown | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation | Lee et al. 2007 | |||
TβRII | S213, S409 | Autophosphorylation | TβRII activation | Luo and Lodish 1997 | ||
S416 | Autophosphorylation | TβRII inhibition | Luo and Lodish 1997 | |||
Y259, Y336, Y424 | Autophosphorylation | TβRII activation | Lawler et al. 1997 | |||
Dephosphorylation | TβRI | Protein phosphatase 1 | Smad7, SARA, GADD34 | Inhibition of TGF-β signaling | Bennett and Alphey 2002; Shi et al. 2004 | |
Ubiquitylation | TβRI | Smurf1/2, WWP1, NEDD4-2 | Smad7 | Receptor degradation | Kavsak et al. 2000; Ebisawa et al. 2001; Komuro et al. 2004; Kuratomi et al. 2005 | |
TβRII | Unknown | Receptor degradation | Atfi et al. 2007; Zuo et al. 2013 | |||
BMPRI, BMPRII | Smurf1 | Smad7 | Receptor degradation | Murakami et al. 2010 | ||
BMPRII | Itch | Durrington et al. 2010 | ||||
Deubiquitylation | TβRI | UCH37 | Smad7 | Receptor stabilization | Wicks et al. 2005 | |
USP4 | Receptor stabilization | Zhang et al. 2012 | ||||
USP15 | TRAF4 | Receptor stabilization | Zhang et al. 2013a | |||
USP11 | Smad7? | Receptor stabilization | Al-Salihi et al. 2012 | |||
Sumoylation | TβRI | K389 | Unknown | Receptor activation | Kang et al. 2008 | |
Neddylation | TβRII | K556, K567 | c-Cbl | Receptor stabilization | Zuo et al. 2013 |
GADD34, Growth arrest and DNA damage protein; SARA, Smad anchor for receptor activation; TRAF4, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4; USP, ubiquitin-specific protease.