Table 2.
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-receptor-interacting proteins
| Interacting partners |
Functions | References |
|---|---|---|
| TβRI | ||
| 14-3-3ɛ | Enhance TGF-β signaling | McGonigle et al. 2001 |
| BAMBI | Interfere with receptor activation and Smad phosphorylation | Onichtchouk et al. 1999; Yan et al. 2009 |
| Caveolin-1 | Promote TβRI degradation | Razani et al. 2001; Nohe et al. 2005; Hartung et al. 2006 |
| c-Ski | Block Smad2 release from TβRI | Ferrand et al. 2010 |
| Dab2 | Enhance the clathrin-mediated endocytosis of TβRI and inhibit TGF-β-induced JNK activation | Shapira et al. 2014 |
| Dapper2 | Target receptors for lysosomal degradation | Zhang et al. 2004; Su et al. 2007 |
| DRAK2 | Interfere with the recruitment of Smad2 and 3 to TβRI | Yang et al. 2012 |
| Endofin | Facilitate Smad activation | Chen et al. 2007 |
| FKBP12 | Block receptor complex formation and inhibit the basal TGF-β signaling | Chen et al. 1997 |
| FKBP12 | Attenuate TβRI internalization | Yao et al. 2000 |
| Hsp90 | Stabilize both TβRI and TβRII by blocking Smurf2-mediated ubiquitylation | Wrighton et al. 2008 |
| Hrs/Hgs | Facilitate activation of Smad2 and Smad3 | Miura et al. 2000 |
| PICK1 | Enhance its ubiquitylation and degradation in lipid rafts/caveolae | Zhao et al. 2012 |
| Regulatory subunit Bα of PP2A | Enhance TGF-β-induced growth inhibition | Griswold-Prenner et al. 1998; Petritsch et al. 2000 |
| SARA | Recruit the catalytic subunit of PP1 to TβRI to inactivate the receptor | Bennett and Alphey 2002 |
| SARA | Facilitate activation of Smad2 and Smad3 | Tsukazaki et al. 1998 |
| ShcA | Promote the caveolar localization of TβRI, attenuate Smad3 signaling and activate Erk MAP kinase | Lee et al. 2007; Muthusamy et al. 2015 |
| Smad7-UCH37 | Induce TβRI deubiquitylation and stabilization | Wicks et al. 2005 |
| Smad7-GADD34 | Recruit PP1 to TβRI to inactivate the receptor | Shi et al. 2004 |
| Smad7-NEDD4-2 | Induce TβRI ubiquitylation and degradation | Kuratomi et al. 2005 |
| Smad7-SIK | Induce degradation of the activated TβRI | Kowanetz et al. 2008 |
| Smad7-Smurf1/2 | Induce TβRI ubiquitylation and degradation | Kavsak et al. 2000; Ebisawa et al. 2001 |
| Smad7-USP11 | Induce TβRI deubiquitylation and stabilization | Al-Salihi et al. 2012 |
| Smad7-WWP1 | Induce TβRI ubiquitylation and degradation | Komuro et al. 2004 |
| STRAP | Promote Smad7 binding to the activated TβRI, leading to inhibition of TGF-β signaling | Datta and Moses 2000 |
| Tollip | Interact with both Smad7 and ubiquitylated TβRI and promote TβRI degradation | Zhu et al. 2012 |
| TRAF4-USP15 | Induce TβRI deubiquitylation and stabilization | Zhang et al. 2013a |
| TRAF6 | Mediate TβRI cleavage by TACE and γ-secretase | Gudey et al. 2014 |
| TRAF6 | Mediate p38 MAP kinase activation | Yamashita et al. 2008 |
| TSC-22 | Stabilize TβRI by impairing the association of Smad7/Smurfs to the receptor | Yan et al. 2011 |
| VEPH1 | Block Smad2 release from TβRI | Shathasivam et al. 2015 |
| TβRII | ||
| ADAM12 | Block TβRII internalization into caveolin1-positive vesicles and stabilize receptor | Atfi et al. 2007 |
| c-Cbl | Induce TβRII neddylation and stabilization | Zuo et al. 2013 |
| elF2α | Inhibit TGF-β signaling | McGonigle et al. 2002 |
| elF3/TRIP-1 | Inhibit TGF-β signaling | Chen et al. 1995; Choy and Derynck 1998 |
| Par6 | Mediate TGF-β-induced EMT | Ozdamar et al. 2005 |
ADAM12, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12; BAMBI, BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor; Endofin, endosome-associated FYVE-domain protein; GADD34, growth arrest and DNA damage protein; EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition; PP1, protein phosphatase 1, PP2A: protein phosphatase 2A; SARA, Smad anchor for receptor activation; SIK, salt-inducible kinase; STRAP, serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein; TRAF, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor; TRIP-1, TGF-β receptor-interacting protein-1; TSC-22, TGF-β-stimulated clone 22; USP, ubiquitin-specific protease; WWP1, WW domain-containing protein 1; TACE, tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme.