Table 1.
The candidate covariates used to resolve the population trajectory of Macaroni Penguins at Bird Island, South Georgia
| Process and covariate | Data availability | Reference of effect |
|---|---|---|
| Survival (fledging) | ||
| Predation pressure | 2001–2012 | Horswill et al. (2014) |
| Sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTa) | 1985–2012 | Horswill et al. (2014) |
| Survival (>1 yr) | ||
| Predation pressure | 2001–2012 | Horswill et al. (2014) |
| SSTa | 1985–2012 | Horswill et al. (2014) |
| Productivity | ||
| Female arrival mass | 1989–2012 | Crawford et al. (2006) |
| Predation | 2001–2012 | Le Bohec et al. (2003) |
| SSTa | 1985–2012 | Chambers (2004) |
| Southern Annular Mode (SAM) | 1985–2012 | Forcada and Trathan (2009) |
| El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) | 1985–2012 | Chambers (2004) |
| Intraspecific competition | 1985–2012 | Baylis et al. (2013) |
| Interspecific competition | 1985–2012 | Trathan et al. (2012) |
The lengths of available time series are also illustrated in Appendix S3.