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A flowchart describing patient recruitment, randomization, and withdrawal. Initially, 48 patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups as follows: the surgical pleth index-guided analgesia group (SPI group) or the conventional analgesia group (control group). Finally, 45 patients (23 in the SPI group and 22 in the control group) completed this study. SPI = surgical pleth index.
