Table 2. Demographic, clinical, symptom, and psychological characteristics of patients (N = 203) prior to surgery.
| Characteristic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | Mean | SD | ||
| Age | Years | 68.2 | 9.2 | |
| n | % | |||
| Sex | Female | 139 | 68.5 | |
| Cohabitation status | Married/partnered | 123 | 60,6 | |
| Employment status | Unemployed/retired | 131 | 64.5 | |
| Education level | College/university | 102 | 51.0 | |
| Preoperative clinical characteristics | Mean | SD | ||
| Body mass index | 29.2 | 4.8 | ||
| Median | ||||
| Number of comorbidities (0–5) | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 | |
| American Society of Anesthesiologists’ physical status classification score (1–3) | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.5 | |
| Systolic blood pressure | 137.9 | 16.1 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 81.2 | 11.4 | ||
| C-reactive protein | 3.2 | 3.0 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 13.8 | 1.1 | ||
| Creatinine | 76.5 | 21.9 | ||
| Preoperative pain characteristics | Mean | SD | ||
| Average preoperative pain (0–10) | 5.3 | 1.8 | ||
| Worst preoperative pain (0–10) | 5.5 | 2.1 | ||
| Pain interference with function (0–10) | 4.4 | 2.0 | ||
| n | % | |||
| Preoperative use of acetaminophen | 42 | 20.7 | ||
| Preoperative use of opioids | 18 | 8.9 | ||
| Preoperative use of sleep medication/benzodiazepines | 32 | 15.8 | ||
| Perioperative characteristics: | ||||
| Surgical side | Right side | 104 | 51.2 | |
| Anesthesia | Neuraxial block | 176 | 86.7 | |
| Total intravenous anesthesia | 27 | 13.3 | ||
| Mean | SD | |||
| Length of surgery (minutes) | 65.38 | 13.5 | ||
| Pain management characteristics | Median | |||
| Number of days with epidural analgesia (n = 173, 0–3) | 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.4 | |
| Number of days with continuous femoral block (n = 31, 0–3) | 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.4 | |
| Number of days with ketamine (n = 30, 0–2) | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.5 | |
| Average dose of opioids (0–68 mg)* | 11.9 | 13.0 | 7.4 | |
| Opioid consumption day of surgery (0–80.5 mg) | 7.5 | 12.5 | 13.6 | |
| Opioid consumption postoperative day 1 (0–75.5 mg) | 12.5 | 13.4 | 8.9 | |
| Opioid consumption postoperative day 2 (0–55 mg) | 15.0 | 15.6 | 8.0 | |
| Opioid consumption postoperative day 3 (0–60.5) | 10.0 | 10.7 | 8.5 | |
| Symptoms | Mean | SD | ||
| Fatigue severity (1–10) | 2.7 | 2.1 | ||
| Fatigue interference (1–7) | 3.9 | 1.5 | ||
| Depression (0–21) | 3.5 | 3.1 | ||
| Anxiety (0–21) | 4.6 | 3.5 | ||
| Psychological characteristics** | ||||
| Consequences (0–10) | 6.3 | 1.8 | ||
| Personal control (0–10) | 5.4 | 2.4 | ||
| Identity (0–10) | 6.6 | 1.7 | ||
| Concern (0–10) | 5.0 | 2.6 | ||
| Emotional response (0–10) | 4.5 | 2.6 | ||
*All opioids were converted to intravenous morphine equivalents. Value is the average dose of opioids over 4 days.
**Single item scores from the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire