Table 3.
National annual estimates of emergency department visits for adverse drug reactions with alcohol involvement (ADR-A) and without alcohol involvement (ADR-NA)—stratified by selected psychotherapeutic, CNS, and genitourinary-tract agents; sex; and age groups 12 years and older, United States, 2005–2011.
| ADR-A |
ADR-NA |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Therapeutic Medication Classa | N | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) | p-valueb | |
| Psychotherapeutic agents | ||||||
| Antidepressants | All, ages 12+ | 2,176 | 8.6 (6.8–10.4) | 78,339 | 4.5 (4.2–4.7) | <.0001 |
| Males | 1,213 | 8.1 (5.3–10.8) | 25,274 | 3.9 (3.6–4.2) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 963 | 9.4 (7.2–11.6) | 53,065 | 4.9 (4.6–5.1) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 144 | 11.8 (4.0–19.5) | 6,312 | 5.0 (4.3–5.6) | 0.01 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 677 | 11.4 (5.7–17.0) | 17,702 | 6.1 (5.6–6.5) | 0.01 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 818 | 7.5 (5.4–9.5) | 27,207 | 5.7 (5.3–6.1) | 0.06 | |
| Ages 55+ | 536 | 7.5 (4.2–10.8) | 27,118 | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) | 0.0002 | |
| Antipsychotics | All, ages 12+ | 1,555 | 6.1 (4.7–7.5) | 64,775 | 3.7 (3.5–4.0) | <.0001 |
| Males | 1,007 | 6.7 (4.7–8.7) | 28,260 | 4.4 (3.9–4.8) | 0.008 | |
| Females | 548 | 5.3 (3.5–7.2) | 36,516 | 3.3 (3.1–3.5) | 0.007 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 102 | 8.3 (2.4–14.2) | 8,239 | 6.5 (5.8–7.2) | 0.49 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 430 | 7.2 (3.9–10.6) | 17,466 | 6.0 (5.5–6.5) | 0.42 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 860 | 7.8 (5.7–10.0) | 22,295 | 4.7 (4.3–5.1) | 0.0005 | |
| Ages 55+ | 162 | 2.3 (0.5–4.0) | 16,775 | 2.0 (1.8–2.2) | 0.73 | |
| CNS agents | ||||||
| Analgesics | All, ages 12+ | 7,174 | 28.4 (25.8–30.9) | 309,761 | 17.8 (17.2–18.4) | <.0001 |
| Males | 4,169 | 27.7 (23.8–31.6) | 118,227 | 18.2 (17.4–19.0) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 3,005 | 29.3 (25.5–33.2) | 191,534 | 17.5 (16.9–18.2) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 353 | 28.8 (16.5–41.0) | 21,654 | 17.0 (15.8–18.3) | 0.03 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 1,744 | 29.3 (23.6–35.1) | 60,708 | 20.8 (19.8–21.8) | 0.002 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 3,009 | 27.4 (23.5–31.3) | 89,942 | 19.0 (18.2–19.8) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 55+ | 2,068 | 28.9 (24.5–33.2) | 137,457 | 16.2 (15.5–17.0) | <.0001 | |
| Opiates/opioids | All, ages 12+ | 4,394 | 17.4 (15.2–19.5) | 177,494 | 10.2 (9.7–10.6) | <.0001 |
| Males | 2,630 | 17.5 (14.1–20.9) | 65,521 | 10.1 (9.5–10.7) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 1,764 | 17.2 (14.1–20.3) | 111,973 | 10.2 (9.8–10.7) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 127 | 10.4 (3.8–16.9) | 11,604 | 9.1 (8.3–10.0) | 0.70 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 1,097 | 18.4 (13.0–23.9) | 35,152 | 12.0 (11.3–12.8) | 0.007 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 1,936 | 17.6 (14.6–20.7) | 53,077 | 11.2 (10.5–11.9) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 55+ | 1,235 | 17.2 (13.2–21.3) | 77,661 | 9.2 (8.7–9.7) | <.0001 | |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents | All, ages 12+ | 1,416 | 5.6 (4.4–6.8) | 61,247 | 3.5 (3.3–3.7) | <.0001 |
| Males | 845 | 5.6 (4.1–7.2) | 24,321 | 3.7 (3.5–4.0) | 0.005 | |
| Females | 571 | 5.6 (3.6–7.6) | 36,926 | 3.4 (3.2–3.6) | 0.007 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 93 | 7.6 (2.8–12.3) | 6,213 | 4.9 (4.2–5.6) | 0.19 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 368 | 6.2 (3.4–8.9) | 14,308 | 4.9 (4.5–5.3) | 0.33 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 530 | 4.8 (3.3–6.3) | 20,836 | 4.4 (4.1–4.7) | 0.55 | |
| Ages 55+ | 425 | 5.9 (3.6–8.3) | 19,889 | 2.3 (2.2–2.5) | <.0001 | |
| Anticonvulsants | All, ages 12+ | 1,273 | 5.0 (3.9–6.1) | 70,181 | 4.0 (3.7–4.3) | 0.06 |
| Males | 769 | 5.1 (3.6–6.6) | 28,054 | 4.3 (4.0–4.7) | 0.29 | |
| Females | 504 | 4.9 (3.4–6.5) | 42,127 | 3.9 (3.6–4.2) | 0.14 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 25 | 2.1 (0.4–3.8) | 4,891 | 3.8 (3.2–4.5) | 0.14 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 226 | 3.8 (1.7–5.9) | 13,225 | 4.5 (4.0–5.0) | 0.55 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 671 | 6.1 (4.3–8.0) | 23,824 | 5.0 (4.5–5.5) | 0.21 | |
| Ages 55+ | 350 | 4.9 (2.6–7.2) | 28,241 | 3.3 (3.0–3.7) | 0.12 | |
| Anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics | All, ages 12+ | 6,245 | 24.7 (21.3–28.0) | 75,760 | 4.4 (4.1–4.6) | <.0001 |
| Males | 3,086 | 20.5 (17.3–23.7) | 26,895 | 4.1 (3.8–4.5) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 3,159 | 30.8 (24.8–36.9) | 48,865 | 4.5 (4.2–4.8) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 252 | 20.5 (10.4–30.6) | 4,540 | 3.6 (3.0–4.2) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 1,499 | 25.2 (18.1–32.3) | 13,474 | 4.6 (4.1–5.1) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 2,931 | 26.7 (22.2–31.3) | 23,997 | 5.1 (4.6–5.5) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 55+ | 1,563 | 21.8 (17.5–26.2) | 33,749 | 4.0 (3.6–4.3) | <.0001 | |
| Benzodiazepines | All, ages 12+ | 4,223 | 16.7 (14.3–19.1) | 45,109 | 2.6 (2.4–2.8) | <.0001 |
| Males | 2,046 | 13.6 (10.6–16.6) | 15,872 | 2.4 (2.2–2.7) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 2,177 | 21.2 (17.2–25.3) | 29,237 | 2.7 (2.4–2.9) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 148 | 12.1 (5.5–18.6) | 1,823 | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 1,262 | 21.2 (13.9–28.6) | 7,565 | 2.6 (2.2–3.0) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 1,808 | 16.5 (13.1–19.8) | 14,898 | 3.1 (2.8–3.5) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 55+ | 1,005 | 14 (10.7–17.3) | 20,824 | 2.5 (2.2–2.7) | <.0001 | |
| Barbiturates | All, ages 12+ | 138 | 0.5 (0.1–1.0) | 1,775 | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | <.0001 |
| Males | — | — | 787 | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.07 | |
| Females | 76 | 0.7 (0.1–1.4) | 988 | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ages 21–34 | — | — | 301 | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | — | |
| Ages 35–54 | 119 | 1.1 (0.2–2.0) | 743 | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 55+ | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CNS stimulants | All, ages 12+ | 834 | 3.3 (2.3–4.3) | 20,909 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | <.0001 |
| Males | 555 | 3.7 (2.4–5.0) | 10,930 | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 279 | 2.7 (1.4–4.1) | 9,979 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 140 | 11.4 (4.9–17.9) | 5,613 | 4.4 (3.8–5.1) | 0.002 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 340 | 5.7 (3.2–8.3) | 7,742 | 2.6 (2.3–3.0) | 0.0003 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 248 | 2.3 (1.1–3.4) | 5,673 | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 0.01 | |
| Ages 55+ | — | — | 1,881 | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | — | |
| Muscle relaxants | All, ages 12+ | 920 | 3.6 (2.7–4.6) | 21,830 | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | <.0001 |
| Males | 414 | 2.7 (1.7–3.8) | 7,409 | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 507 | 4.9 (2.9–7.0) | 14,421 | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | — | — | 757 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | — | |
| Ages 21–34 | 140 | 2.4 (1.0–3.7) | 4,432 | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 0.14 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 586 | 5.3 (3.4–7.3) | 9,043 | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 55+ | 167 | 2.3 (0.7–3.9) | 7,599 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.004 | |
| Genitourinary-tract agents | ||||||
| Impotence agents | All, ages 12+ | 655 | 2.6 (1.1–4.0) | 3,971 | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | <.0001 |
| Males | 655 | 4.4 (1.9–6.8) | 3,865 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 0 | — | — | — | — | |
| Ages 12–20 | 0 | — | — | — | — | |
| Ages 21–34 | — | — | 367 | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | — | |
| Ages 35–54 | — | — | 1,268 | 0.3 (0.2–0.3) | — | |
| Ages 55+ | 213 | 3.0 (1.1–4.8) | 2,321 | 0.3 (0.2–0.3) | <.0001 | |
—, imprecise estimate, or not applicable; CI, confidence interval; CNS, central nervous system; DAWN, Drug Abuse Warning Network; N, annual estimated number of ED visits (weighted).
a
Based on the ED standard drug list 2 (SDLED_2), standard drug list 3 (SDLED_3), and standard drug list 4 (SDLED_4) of DAWN Drug Reference Vocabulary.
b
All p-values are based on two-tailed Rao-Scott chi-square test.