Table 2.

Risk factors associated with HPV, EBV, and KSHV infection and viral load at p < 0.15: results of unadjusted logistic and linear regression models

	HPV		EBV		KSHV
	Infection	Log10 viral loada	Infection	Log10 viral load	Infection	Log10 viral load
	Unadjusted ORb (95% CIc) p value	Estimated coefficient (SEd) p value	Unadjusted OR (95% CI) p value	Estimated coefficient (SE) p value	Unadjusted OR (95% CI) p value	Estimated coefficient (SE) p value
Race
Black vs. White (ref.)	1.84 (0.85–4.01) .122	- e	-	1.14 (0.38) .0044	-	-
Ethnicity
Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic (ref.)	-	-	-	0.90 (0.38) .022	-	-
Gender
Male vs. female (ref.)	-	-	-	-	10 (1.31–100) .026	−0.21 (0.13) .107
Marijuana use, past 3 months
Almost daily/daily vs. weekly or less often (ref.)	1.83 (0.95–3.52) .069	-	-	-	-	−0.21 (0.11) .052
Tobacco use, past 3 months
Almost daily/daily vs. weekly or less often (ref.)	-	-	2.70 (1.0–7.27) .0496	0.53 (0.35) .132	-	−0.25 (0.11) .029
Tobacco use, lifetime
Yes vs. no (ref.)	-	1.55 (0.53) .0052	-	-	-	-
Alcohol use, past 3 months
Weekly or more often vs. monthly or less often (ref.)	-	-	-	-	2.14 (0.99–4.59) .052	-
Alcohol use, lifetime
Yes vs. no (ref.)	-	1.27 (0.74) .092	-	-	-	-
Number of heterosexual sex partners, lifetime
1+ vs. 0 (ref.)						0.19 (0.12) .116
Oral sex (performed/received) with condom, past 3 monthsf	1.06 (1.00–1.13) .069
Oral sex (performed/received) without a condom, past 3 months
1+ vs. 0 (ref.)						0.22 (0.13) .108
Unprotected oral/anal sex, past 3 monthsg
1+ vs. 0 (ref.)	0.43 (0.17–1.12) .086	-	-	-	-	0.28 (0.14) .056
CD4+ T cell count
<350 cells/mm3 vs. ≥350 cells/mm3 (ref.)	1.83 (0.96–3.48) .066	-	2.67 (0.90–7.90) .076	0.66 (0.31) .037	-	-
HIV viral load
≥400 copies/mL vs. <400 copies/mL (ref.)	-	-	3.79 (1.74–8.26) .0008	-	-	-
Age at HIV diagnosis
1–14 years vs. 18–20 years (ref.)	-	-	-	−1.20 (0.47) .014	-	0.33 (0.16) .049
15–17 years vs. 18–20 years (ref.)	-	-	-	−0.71 (0.38) .069	-	0.35 (0.13) .0099
HPV vaccination history
< 2 doses vs. ≥ 2 doses (ref.)	2.54 (0.74–8.69) .137

^aViral loads were normalized to the number of diploid human cells in the specimen as estimated by TaqMan PCR to ERV3 (ERV = endogenous retrovirus), and analyzed as a transformed continuous variable

^bOR = odds ratio

^cCI = confidence interval

^dSE = standard error

^eDash indicates that the association was not significant at p < .15

^fFrequency of oral sex with a condom during the past 3 months with heterosexual partners

^gFrequency of oral vaginal sex (females only) or anal sex (females and males) without a condom or washing sex toys in between