Table 1.
Patient characteristics at baseline
| Overall (n = 5,890) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or n (%) | ||
| Monotherapy (n = 2,874) | Dual therapy (n = 3,016) | |
| Mean age (years) | 51.3 (8.2) | 50.8 (8.5) |
| Male | 2,153 (74.9) | 2,244 (74.4) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Cancer† | 129 (4.5) | 132 (4.4) |
| Cardiovascular disease‡ | 866 (30.1) | 940 (31.2) |
| Hypertension | 1,479 (51.5) | 1,561 (51.8) |
| Cerebrovascular conditions§ | 357 (12.4) | 321 (10.6) |
| Neuropathy | 214 (7.4) | 264 (8.8) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 237 (8.2) | 462 (15.3) |
| Depression | 165 (5.7) | 151 (5.0) |
| Chronic kidney disease¶ | 235 (8.2) | 425 (14.1) |
| DPP‐4i use | ||
| Standard price for DPP‐4i (Japanese yen) | 171.36 (40.03) | 173.01 (39.34) |
| Twice daily dosing frequency | 249 (8.7) | 218 (7.2) |
| Concomitant medications | ||
| NSAID | 1,408 (49.0) | 1,473 (48.8) |
| Disopyramide | 1 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) |
| Coumadin | 36 (1.3) | 34 (1.1) |
| MAOI | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Beta‐blockers | 242 (8.4) | 267 (8.9) |
| Loop diuretics | 47 (1.6) | 50 (1.7) |
| Dyslipidemia medications | 1,183 (41.2) | 1,373 (45.5) |
| Diuretics | 236 (8.2) | 255 (8.5) |
| Antiplatelet agents | 245 (8.5) | 225 (7.5) |
| Cardiac medications | 691 (24.0) | 614 (20.4) |
| Antihypertensive medications | 1,315 (45.8) | 1,413 (46.9) |
| No. concomitant medications†† | ||
| None | 845 (29.4) | 812 (26.9) |
| One | 954 (33.2) | 1,051 (34.8) |
| Two | 653 (22.7) | 744 (24.7) |
| Three or more | 422 (14.7) | 409 (13.6) |
†Includes bladder, breast, non‐skin, metastatic, pancreatic and thyroid cancer. ‡Includes acute coronary syndrome, acute myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure and peripheral arterial disease. §Includes cerebrovascular disease, hemiplegia and stroke/transient ischemic attack. ¶Includes chronic kidney disease, end‐stage renal disease and nephropathy. ††Concomitant medications include diuretics, antiplatelet agents, cardiac medications, dyslipidemic drugs and antihypertensive medications. DPP‐4i, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor; drug; MAOI, monoamine oxidase inhibitor; NSAID, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory; SD, standard deviation.