Table 3.
Risk of bias of non-randomised prospective comparative cohort studies comparing robotic versus open surgery based on the Newcastle–Ottawa scale
| References | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Total score | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representativeness of robotic cohort | Selection of control cohort | Ascertainment of exposure | Absence of outcome at start of study | Assessment of outcome | Duration of follow-up | Adequacy of follow-up | ||||
| Menon et al. [34] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Bucerius et al. [18]a | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Bach et al. [109] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Tewari et al. [36] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
| Siebel et al. [113] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Farnham et al. [31] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
| Rhee et al. [42] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
| Kiaii et al. [94] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
| Wood et al. [35] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
| Nelson et al. [95] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Ham et al. [37] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
| Poston et al. [43] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
| Ficarra et al. [32] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
| Hoekstra et al. [20]a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Lowe et al. [46] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Göçmen et al. [45] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Jung et al. [19]a | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
| Carlsson et al. [111] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Hong et al. [38] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
| Doumerc et al. [69] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
| Kordan et al. [33] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Lee et al. [47] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Higher |
| Ng et al. [41] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
| Bertani et al. [16]a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Higher |
| Di Pierro et al. [70] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
| Kim et al. [112] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Martin et al. [40] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Lower |
| Balduyck et al. [110] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Kim et al. [68] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
| Khan et al. [17]a | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Lower |
| Parekattil et al. [23]a | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Bachinsky et al. [71] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Collins et al. [44] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
| Kim et al. [48] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Higher |
| Ryu et al. [96] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Ludovico et al. [39] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Higher |
| Masson-Lecomte et al. [49] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Higher |
aQuality of articles with more than one study was assessed on their overall methodology