Table 1.
REFORM food exchange model: removal of major exchangeable sources of dietary sugar in the UK diet and replacement of exchangeable sugar with REFORM study beverages and foods
| Mean quantity (g/day) | Energy (kcal/day) | CHO (g/day) | Total sugars (g/day) | NMES (g/day) | Starch (g/day) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDNS intakea | 1918 | 227.0 | 99.3 | 62.1 | 127.8 | |
| Exchangeable sugar intake | ||||||
| Breakfast cereals | 19 | 47 | 7.8 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 5.3 |
| Puddings | 12 | 19 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.4 |
| Vegetables (baked beans) | 93 | 42 | 9.1 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 4.6 |
| Sugar, preserves and confectionary | 24 | 100 | 15.9 | 18.2 | 13.9 | 0.0 |
| Yoghurts, ice cream and other milks | 38 | 58 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 0.3 |
| Soft drinks and fruit juice | 199 | 46 | 15.9 | 17.4 | 15.2 | 0.0 |
| Savory sauces and condiments | 22 | 38 | 2.3 | 4.7 | 1.5 | 3.0 |
| Total exchangeable sugar intake | 350 | 57.8 | 51.9 | 37.3 | 13.6 | |
| NDNS intake—total exchangeable sugar (Non-modifiable sugar intake) | 1568 | 169 | 47.4 | 24.8 | 114.2 | |
| Regular dietary exchange | ||||||
| Study beverage (mean of seven choices)b | 315 | 160 | 37.7 | 37.6 | 37.7 | 0.1 |
| Study food (mean of fifteen choices)b | 74 | 107 | 18.5 | 14.7 | 12.6 | 3.8 |
| Total intake | 389 | 1835 | 225.2 | 99.7 | 75.1 | 118.1 |
| Reformulated dietary exchange | ||||||
| Study beverage (mean of seven choices)b | 315 | 17 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.0 |
| Study food (mean of fifteen choices)b | 73 | 75 | 11.7 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 4.6 |
| Total intake | 388 | 1660 | 182.7 | 52.4 | 28.9 | 118.8 |
| Mean difference between dietary exchanges | 175 | 42.5 | 47.3 | 46.2 | −0.7 | |
CHO carbohydrate, NMES non-milk extrinsic sugars
a Based on National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS), 2003 for adults (19–64 year) [27]
b Quantity varied depending on the study beverage or food. The replacement model was based on 1 beverage and 1 food per day and excluded ad libitum intake of condiments