CV and DPV behavior of NGB* in PBS buffer solution (A and B) and immobilized on the gold electrodes (C and D). Concentration of the dissolved NGB*, 20 μm; surface density of the immobilized NGB*, 2 pmol/cm2; CV scan rate, 20 mV/s; DPV modulation amplitude, 20 mV; modulation time, 0.05 s; interval time, 0.5 s. The arrows denote scan directions. Blank voltammograms are shown by dashed lines (in green) and curves recorded in the air-saturated buffer are presented by dashed-dotted lines (in blue).