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. 2016 Jul 19;44(15):7007–7078. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw530

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© The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 13. — 2D and 3D models of RNA structures that promote access to alternative reading frames in viral genes. (A) The intergenic Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) of the dicistrovirus, Israeli acute paralysis virus, causes most ribosomes to initiate 1 base 5′ of where the others initiate. Stimulators for ribosomal frameshifting are shown for (B) beet western yellows virus (BWYV), (C) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and (D) mouse mammary tumor virus gag/pro (MMTV). Slippery sequences are underlined. Reproduced in part from Brierley, I., Gilbert, R.J.C. and Pennell, S., Pseudoknot-Dependent Programmed -1 Ribosomal Frameshifting: Structures, Mechanisms and Models (2010) In: Atkins, J.F. and Gesteland, R.F. (eds.), Recoding: Expansion of Decoding Rules Enriches Gene Expression. Springer New York, New York, pp. 149–174, with permission from Springer.