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. 2016 Aug 12;4(8):e838. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000000817

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Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons. All rights reserved.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.

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Fig. 3. — Alkaline phosphate activity in all the groups. Alkaline phosphate activity was the marker for osteoblasts. Control group: no osteoblasts were present in the control group. S group: chondrogenesis was observed at the border area, but no osteoblasts were found. S + C group: alkaline phosphate showed positive activity at the border but not in the center. Scaffold, cell, and periosteum group: osteoblast proliferation occurred at the border. CDM group: chondrogenesis was observed. S + C + BMP2 group: osteoblasts were detected at the border. Chondrogenesis also appears in the center. S + C + gene BMP2 group: bone formation was observed at the border and the center. The arrow indicates the new bone tissue. O indicate old bone area.