Table 1.
Characteristics of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among pregnant women (N=1,488)
| Selected variables | All participants (N=1488)
|
Poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5) (N=551)
|
Good sleep quality (PSQI ≤ 5) (N=937)
|
P-value** | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Maternal age (years)* | 33.4 ± 4.2 | 33.6 ± 4.4 | 33.3 ± 4.0 | 0.31 | |||
| Maternal age (years) | |||||||
| 20 – 29 | 245 | 16.5 | 89 | 16.2 | 156 | 16.6 | 0.95 |
| 30 – 34 | 691 | 46.4 | 255 | 46.3 | 436 | 46.5 | |
| ≥35 | 552 | 37.1 | 207 | 37.6 | 345 | 36.8 | |
| Maternal ethnicity | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1212 | 81.5 | 441 | 80.0 | 771 | 82.3 | 0.39 |
| African American | 21 | 1.4 | 11 | 2.0 | 10 | 1.1 | |
| Asian | 181 | 12.2 | 71 | 12.9 | 110 | 11.7 | |
| Other | 62 | 4.2 | 25 | 4.5 | 37 | 3.9 | |
| Married | 1366 | 91.8 | 498 | 90.4 | 868 | 92.6 | 0.13 |
| Annual household income | |||||||
| < 50,000 | 43 | 2.9 | 22 | 4.0 | 21 | 2.2 | 0.03 |
| 50,000 – 69,000 | 78 | 5.2 | 38 | 6.9 | 48 | 4.3 | |
| ≥70,000 | 1312 | 88.2 | 473 | 85.8 | 839 | 89.5 | |
| Nulliparous | 770 | 51.7 | 262 | 47.5 | 508 | 54.2 | 0.01 |
| Planned pregnancy | 1303 | 87.6 | 469 | 85.1 | 834 | 89.0 | 0.03 |
| Gestational age at interview (weeks)* | 21.7 ± 8.8 | 22.0 ± 9.9 | 21.5 ± 8.1 | 0.38 | |||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never | 1109 | 74.5 | 394 | 71.5 | 715 | 76.3 | 0.10 |
| Prior | 321 | 21.6 | 135 | 24.5 | 186 | 19.9 | |
| Current | 58 | 3.9 | 22 | 4.0 | 36 | 3.8 | |
| Pre pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||
| <18.5 | 50 | 3.4 | 16 | 2.9 | 34 | 3.6 | 0.0002 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1053 | 70.8 | 362 | 65.7 | 691 | 73.7 | |
| 25–29.9 | 276 | 18.5 | 116 | 21.1 | 160 | 17.1 | |
| ≥30 | 103 | 6.9 | 56 | 10.2 | 47 | 5.0 | |
| Lifetime migraine diagnosis** (ICHD-II) | 415 | 27.9 | 198 | 35.9 | 217 | 23.2 | <0.001 |
| PHQ-9* | 5.6 ± 3.6 | 7.5 ± 3.8 | 4.4 ± 3.0 | <0.0001 | |||
| DASS-21 Total score * | 17.1 ± 13.8 | 23.0 ± 15.7 | 13.6 ± 11.3 | <0.0001 | |||
| DASS-21 Anxiety* | 3.7 ± 4.3 | 5.0 ± 5.0 | 2.9 ± 3.5 | <0.0001 | |||
| DASS-21 Depression* | 4.4 ± 5.3 | 6.3 ± 6.2 | 3.3 ± 4.2 | <0.0001 | |||
| DASS-21 Stress* | 9.0 ± 6.8 | 11.7 ± 7.3 | 7.5 ± 5.9 | <0.0001 | |||
Abbreviations: PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9-Item; DASS-21, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 Item; ICHD, the International Classification of Headache Disorders.
Due to missing data, percentages may not add up to 100%.
P-value was calculated using the Student’s t-test for continuous variables and the Chi-square test for categorical variables
*
Mean ± Standard deviation
**
Women with “migraine” refer to the combination of both women with definitive migraine (IHS category 1.1) and probable migraine (IHS category 1.6). IHS=International Headache Society