Table 4.
HRs (95% CIs) of the association of incident hypertension 1988–2008 with roadway proximity among 60,416 members of the Nurses’ Health Study.
| Exposure category | Cases | Person-years | Basic modela HR (95% CI) | Multivariable modelb HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbreviations: A1, primary roads, typically interstate highways, with limited access, division between the opposing directions of traffic, and defined exits; A2, primary major, noninterstate highways and major roads without access restrictions; A3, smaller, secondary roads, usually with more than two lanes; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; PM2.5, particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; PM2.5–10, particulate matter between 2.5 μm and 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter; PM10, particulate matter < 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter. aAdjusted for age, race, calendar year and region. bAdditionally adjusted for body mass index (BMI), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet score, alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, family history of hypertension, menopausal status, nonnarcotic analgesic intake, statin use, diabetes, individual-level socioeconomic status (educational attainment, marital status, partner’s educational attainment, and parental employment), and census-tract median income and home value. | ||||
| Distance to A1 (m) | ||||
| ≥ 200 | 27,173 | 722,758 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| 100–199 | 509 | 13,761 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) |
| 0–99 | 224 | 5,737 | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) |
| Continuous (per 100 m) | 27,906 | 742,256 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) |
| Distance to A1–A2 (m) | ||||
| ≥ 200 | 25,817 | 688,590 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| 100–199 | 1,244 | 31,749 | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) |
| 0–99 | 825 | 21,917 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) |
| Continuous (per 100 m) | 27,906 | 742,256 | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
| Distance to A1–A3 (m) | ||||
| ≥ 200 | 15,749 | 423,164 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| 100–199 | 5,495 | 143,556 | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) |
| 0–99 | 6,662 | 175,536 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) |
| Continuous (per 100 m) | 27,906 | 742,256 | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |