Table 3.
Adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause and cause-specific mortality by years of coal use in Shanghai Women’s Health Study.
| Cause of death (ICD-9 codes) | Never | > 0–15 years | > 15–30 years | > 30 years | p-Trendc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deathsa | HR (95% CI)b | Deathsa | HR (95% CI)b | Deathsa | HR (95% CI)b | Deathsa | HR (95% CI)b | ||
| All-cause | 1,308 | 1.00 (reference) | 638 | 1.13 (1.02, 1.24) | 790 | 1.10 (1.00, 1.20) | 1,072 | 1.14 (1.05, 1.25) | 0.0035 |
| Cancer (140–208) | 575 | 1.00 (reference) | 290 | 1.18 (1.02, 1.37) | 359 | 1.19 (1.04, 1.36) | 396 | 1.08 (0.95, 1.24) | 0.16 |
| Lung cancer (162) | 117 | 1.00 (reference) | 56 | 1.18 (0.85, 1.63) | 79 | 1.34 (1.00, 1.80) | 80 | 1.09 (0.81, 1.47) | 0.34 |
| Cardiovascular (390–459) | 276 | 1.00 (reference) | 130 | 1.07 (0.86, 1.32) | 167 | 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) | 286 | 1.32 (1.11, 1.57) | 0.0023 |
| Ischemic heart disease (410–414) | 47 | 1.00 (reference) | 25 | 1.25 (0.76, 2.05) | 37 | 1.46 (0.94, 2.27) | 71 | 1.91 (1.30, 2.80) | 0.0008 |
| Myocardial infarction (410) | 29 | 1.00 (reference) | 18 | 1.43 (0.78, 2.62) | 29 | 1.86 (1.09, 3.16) | 44 | 1.98 (1.21, 3.22) | 0.0044 |
| Stroke (430–438) | 185 | 1.00 (reference) | 85 | 1.03 (0.79, 1.34) | 105 | 0.95 (0.74, 1.22) | 159 | 1.05 (0.84, 1.31) | 0.82 |
| Ischemic stroke (434) | 74 | 1.00 (reference) | 29 | 0.92 (0.59, 1.43) | 49 | 1.17 (0.81, 1.70) | 67 | 1.10 (0.77, 1.55) | 0.45 |
| Hemorrhagic stroke (430–432) | 99 | 1.00 (reference) | 47 | 1.04 (0.73, 1.50) | 46 | 0.77 (0.53, 1.10) | 72 | 0.94 (0.68, 1.30) | 0.43 |
| Gastrointestinal (520–579) | 26 | 1.00 (reference) | 13 | 1.21 (0.61, 2.41) | 20 | 1.38 (0.76, 2.54) | 22 | 1.14 (0.63, 2.08) | 0.57 |
| Kidney disease (580–593) | 25 | 1.00 (reference) | 14 | 1.31 (0.67, 2.57) | 11 | 0.82 (0.40, 1.69) | 21 | 1.21 (0.66, 2.22) | 0.78 |
| Diabetes (250) | 23 | 1.00 (reference) | 14 | 1.22 (0.62, 2.43) | 19 | 1.28 (0.68, 2.40) | 33 | 1.51 (0.86, 2.64) | 0.15 |
| aWomen were excluded from analyses of specific causes of death if they reported a history of corresponding diseases at baseline. bAdjusted for age, smoking status, environmental tobacco smoke, occupation, education, shift work, BMI, hormone replacement therapy, family income, parity, alcohol drinking, marital status, caloric intake, physical activity, and stove ventilation. cp-Trend calculated by treating categorical coal years as ordinal variables and modeling it continuously. | |||||||||