Table 4.

Adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause and cause-specific mortality by years since last coal use in the home in Shanghai Women’s Health Study, using time-dependent covariate for years since last coal use.

Cause of death (ICD-9 codes)	Never HR (95% CI)a,b	> 0–10 years HR (95% CI)a,b	> 10–20 years HR (95% CI)a,b	> 20 years HR (95% CI)a,b	p-Trendc
All-cause	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (0.85, 1.18)	1.05 (0.96, 1.15)	1.07 (0.99, 1.16)	0.42
Cancer (140–208)	1.00 (reference)	0.91 (0.70, 1.20)	1.04 (0.91, 1.19)	1.14 (1.01, 1.28)	0.89
Lung cancer (162)	1.00 (reference)	1.35 (0.80, 2.30)	1.09 (0.81, 1.47)	1.11 (0.85, 1.44)	0.33
Cardiovascular (390–459)	1.00 (reference)	1.19 (0.86, 1.64)	1.23 (1.03, 1.47)	1.01 (0.85, 1.20)	0.028
Ischemic heart disease (410–414)	1.00 (reference)	2.57 (1.39, 4.78)	1.67 (1.12, 2.50)	1.20 (0.81, 1.78)	0.00080
Myocardial infarction (410)	1.00 (reference)	2.80 (1.37, 5.73)	1.94 (1.18, 3.20)	1.32 (0.80, 2.18)	0.0010
Stroke (430–438)	1.00 (reference)	0.96 (0.62, 1.48)	0.97 (0.76, 1.22)	0.96 (0.78, 1.20)	0.76
Ischemic stroke (434)	1.00 (reference)	1.05 (0.51, 2.15)	0.97 (0.67, 1.41)	0.95 (0.69, 1.33)	0.96
Hemorrhagic stroke (430–432)	1.00 (reference)	0.92 (0.51, 1.65)	0.88 (0.63, 1.23)	0.92 (0.68, 1.26)	0.50
Gastrointestinal (520–579)	1.00 (reference)	1.05 (0.35, 3.14)	0.87 (0.46, 1.66)	1.38 (0.81, 2.37)	0.78
Kidney disease (580–593)	1.00 (reference)	0.69 (0.20, 2.36)	0.82 (0.41, 1.63)	1.40 (0.80, 2.43)	0.48
Diabetes (250)	1.00 (reference)	0.59 (0.14, 2.58)	1.30 (0.73, 2.34)	1.28 (0.74, 2.20)	0.76
aWomen were excluded from analyses of specific causes of death if they reported a history of corresponding diseases at baseline. bAdjusted for age, smoking status, environmental tobacco smoke, occupation, education, shift work, BMI, hormone replacement therapy, family income, parity, alcohol drinking, marital status, caloric intake, physical activity, and stove ventilation. cp-Trend calculated by treating categorical years of coal use as ordinal variables and modeling it continuously.