. 2016 Mar 11;124(9):1487–1492. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1509922

Table 1.

Study population characteristics^a according to incense burning and child sex [n (%) or mean ± SD].

Characteristic	Whole sample	All		Boys		Girls
Characteristic	Whole sample	No incense	Burn incense	No incense	Burn incense	No incense	Burn incense
n	15,773	6,447	9,326	3,349	4,867	3,098	4,459
Child
Birth weight (g)	3166.0 ± 384.2	3176.1 ± 380.5	3159.1 ± 386.6*	3230.5 ± 377.4	3207.1 ± 384.9*	3117.3 ± 375.1	3106.7 ± 381.6
Head circumference (mm)^b	334.0 ± 16.4	335.1 ± 16.3	333.3 ± 16.5*	337.3 ± 16.2	335.4 ± 16.6*	332.7 ± 16.1	331.05 ± 16.0*
Boy	8,216 (52)	3,349 (52)	4,867 (52)
Parental demographics
Mother smoked	569 (4)	247 (4)	322 (3)	127 (4)	173 (4)	120 (4)	149 (3)
Married	15,273 (97)	6,213 (96)	9,060 (97)*	3,242 (97)	4,725 (97)	2,971 (96)	4,335 (97)*
Mother’s age (years)	28.82 ± 4.59	29.72 ± 4.47	28.22 ± 4.57*	29.68 ± 4.47	28.31 ± 4.59*	29.77 ± 4.47	28.12 ± 4.55*
Father’s age (years)	31.55 ± 5.04	32.40 ± 4.96	30.97 ± 5.01*	32.34 ± 4.96	31.07 ± 4.96*	32.47 ± 4.97	30.85 ± 5.07*
Mother college	3,679 (23)	2,043 (32)	1,636 (18)*	1,076 (32)	843 (17)*	967 (31)	793 (18)*
Father college	4,374 (28)	2,428 (38)	1,946 (21)*	1,267 (38)	1,028 (21)*	1,161 (37)	918 (21)*
Mother Chinese religion^c	12,098 (77)	4,227 (66)	7,871 (84)*	2,163 (65)	4,080 (84)*	2,064 (67)	3,791 (85)*
Father Chinese religion^c	12,127 (77)	4,151 (64)	7,976 (86)*	2,130 (64)	4,151 (85)*	2,021 (65)	3,825 (86)*
Region—city	4,902 (31)	2,381 (37)	2,521 (27)*	1,234 (37)	1,292 (27)*	1,147 (37)	1,229 (28)*
Region—township	2,208 (14)	740 (11)	1,468 (16)*	369 (11)	750 (15)*	374 (12)	718 (16)*
Region—town	4,195 (27)	1,128 (17)	3,067 (32)*	3,349 (18)	1,629 (33)*	3,098 (17)	1,438 (32)*
Parental health
Mother’s BMI (kg/m²)	21.10 ± 3.20	21.00 ± 3.11	21.16 ± 3.26*	21.05 ± 3.09	21.16 ± 3.25	20.96 ± 3.14	21.15 ± 3.28*
Father’s BMI (kg/m²)	24.31 ± 3.45	24.38 ± 3.40	24.26 ± 3.48*	24.41 ± 3.40	24.30 ± 3.49	24.35 ± 3.40	24.21 ± 3.46
Mother, any chronic illness^d	3,362 (21)	1,433 (22)	1,929 (21)*	773 (23)	1,030 (21)*	660 (21)	899 (20)
Father, any chronic illness^d	3,599 (23)	1,583 (25)	2,016 (22)*	808 (24)	1,060 (22)*	775 (25)	956 (21)*
Mother hepatitis B	1,466 (9)	619 (10)	847 (9)	3,349 (9)	423 (9)	304 (10)	424 (10)
Prenancy-related variables
Any pregnancy hospitalization	990 (6)	364 (6)	626 (7)*	199 (6)	321 (7)	165 (5)	305 (7)*
Any pregnancy illness	4,489 (29)	1,824 (28)	2,265 (29)	897 (27)	1,326 (27)	927 (30)	1,339 (30)
Gestational diabetes	346 (2)	160 (2)	186 (2)	93 (3)	104 (2)	67 (2)	82 (2)
Tocolysis	3,744 (24)	1,519 (24)	2,225 (24)	798 (24)	1,154 (24)	721 (23)	1,071 (24)
Injury to abdomen	894 (6)	314 (5)	580 (6)*	177 (5)	277 (6)	137 (4)	303 (7)*
First pregnancy	5,681 (36)	2,340 (36)	3,341 (36)	1,207 (36)	1,708 (36)	1,133 (37)	1,633 (37)
Previous abortion	2,237 (14)	964 (15)	1,273 (14)*	520 (16)	706 (15)	444 (14)	567 (12)*
Previous miscarriage	1,535 (10)	648 (10)	887 (10)	345 (10)	465 (10)	303 (10)	422 (9)
Children < 6 years of age	6,290 (40)	2,392 (37)	3,898 (42)*	1,260 (37)	2,051 (42)*	1,132 (37)	1,847 (41)*
No. of live births	1.64 ± 0.75	1.61 ± 0.74	1.65 ± 0.76*	1.63 ± 0.76	1.67 ± 0.79*	1.60 ± 0.73	1.63 ± 0.73
^aBirth weight and head circumference data were obtained from birth records linked to the TBCS. The remaining variables were self-reported. ^bHead circumference was observed for 14,488 babies. ^cChinese religions include Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Taoism, and I-Kuan Tao. ^dAny chronic illness includes hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis. *p < 0.05 for t-test of the differences between households that burned incense and households that did not burn incense within each population group (all babies, boys, and girls).