Figure 2.
Adjusted differences in eGFR per 2.1 μg/m3 interquartile range increase in 1-year PM2.5. Associations were estimated in time-varying linear mixed-effect models of eGFR with random intercept for study participant. Age-adjusted models included adjustment for time since first visit and age at first visit. Fully adjusted models included additional adjustment for BMI, total cholesterol, diabetes, coronary heart disease, ARB medication, ACEI medication, other anti-hypertensive medication, years of education, percentage below poverty level in census tract, parental homeownership, smoking status, cumulative pack-years smoked, and daily alcohol intake. For the fully adjusted model, we also adjusted for distance to roadway and applied stabilized IPW for censoring by death and nondeath dropout and for the combination of both censoring mechanisms. Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IPW, inverse probability weight; PM2.5, fine particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter.