Table 1.
Age-adjusted Nurses’ Health Study participant characteristics by quintiles of cumulative average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index within 250-m buffers from 2000 to 2008 (n = 108,630).
| Characteristic | Total | Greenness quintile 1 | Greenness quintile 2 | Greenness quintile 3 | Greenness quintile 4 | Greenness quintile 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cumulative average NDVI (250-m buffer) (mean ± SD) | 0.47 ± 0.12 | 0.29 ± 0.08 | 0.42 ± 0.03 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 0.54 ± 0.03 | 0.62 ± 0.05 |
| Age (years)a (mean ± SD) | 68.98 ± 7.29 | 69.89 ± 7.26 | 69.42 ± 7.32 | 68.94 ± 7.30 | 68.49 ± 7.24 | 68.16 ± 7.18 |
| White non-Hispanic (%) | 94 | 90 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 |
| BMI (Mean ± SD) | 25.83 ± 7.35 | 25.33 ± 8.26 | 25.91 ± 7.43 | 26.08 ± 7.18 | 25.98 ± 7.08 | 25.82 ± 6.79 |
| Weight status (%) | ||||||
| Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) | 39 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 41 |
| Overweight (BMI 25–29.9) | 33 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 |
| Obese (BMI > 30) | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 21 |
| Missing BMI | 6 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Total physical activity, MET hrs/week (%) | ||||||
| < 3 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 21 |
| 3 to < 9 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 20 |
| 9 to < 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 19 |
| 18 to < 27 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 |
| ≥ 27 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 21 |
| Missing | 8 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||||
| Never smoker | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 44 |
| Former smoker | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 47 |
| Current smoker | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Have RN degree (%) | 73 | 69 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 74 |
| Married (%) | 64 | 58 | 63 | 65 | 66 | 68 |
| Husband’s highest education (%) | ||||||
| < High school | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| High school graduate | 26 | 25 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 24 |
| > High school education | 35 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 36 | 41 |
| Missing or not married | 35 | 39 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 32 |
| Census 2000–tract median income (mean ± SD, USD) | 63,000 ± 24,000 | 57,000 ± 22,000 | 60,000 ± 22,000 | 62,000 ± 22,000 | 66,000 ± 24,000 | 72,000 ± 29,000 |
| Census 2000–tract median home value (mean ± SD, USD) | 170,000 ± 125,000 | 175,000 ± 138,000 | 159,000 ± 121,000 | 156,000 ± 115,000 | 167,000 ± 113,000 | 194,000 ± 133,000 |
| 12-month average PM2.5 (μg/m3) (mean ± SD) | 12.03 ± 2.80 | 12.51 ± 3.74 | 12.23 ± 2.79 | 12.05 ± 2.45 | 11.88 ± 2.28 | 11.47 ± 2.38 |
| Census-tract urbanicity (%) | ||||||
| Metropolitan (urban area ≥ 50,000 people) | 84 | 86 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 83 |
| Micropolitan (urban cluster of 10,000–49,999) | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 |
| Small town or rural (urban cluster of < 10,000) | 7 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 |
| Region (%) | ||||||
| Northeast | 50 | 35 | 42 | 52 | 63 | 56 |
| Midwest | 17 | 15 | 24 | 22 | 15 | 8 |
| West | 14 | 34 | 16 | 8 | 5 | 7 |
| South | 19 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 28 |
| Moved during follow-up (%) | 32 | 33 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 35 |
| Depression (physician-diagnosed or antidepressant use) (%) | 12 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 |
| Social engagement (participation in groups > 1 hr per week) (%) | 68 | 67 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 69 |
| Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; PM2.5, particulate matter < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; RN, registered nurse. aValue is not age-adjusted. | ||||||