Table 3.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for cumulative average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (250-m buffer) and cause-specific mortality in the Nurses’ Health Study (n = 108,630).
| Outcome | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | p for trenda | Continuous (per 0.1 unit) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infectious and parasitic diseases (304 cases) | |||||||
| Cases | 72 | 66 | 67 | 48 | 51 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)b | Reference | 0.99 (0.71, 1.40) | 1.07 (0.76, 1.51) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.19) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.33) | 0.411 | 0.78 (0.55, 1.10) |
| Cancer (3,363 cases) | |||||||
| Cases | 778 | 695 | 654 | 650 | 586 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)b | Reference | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.03) | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | 0.024 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.94) |
| Diabetes (145 cases) | |||||||
| Cases | 37 | 32 | 20 | 33 | 23 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)b | Reference | 0.90 (0.56, 1.46) | 0.59 (0.34, 1.02) | 1.05 (0.65, 1.71) | 0.81 (0.47, 1.38) | 0.625 | 0.85 (0.52, 1.39) |
| Neurodegenerative diseases (827 cases) | |||||||
| Cases | 188 | 173 | 173 | 146 | 147 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)b | Reference | 0.97 (0.78, 1.19) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.27) | 0.93 (0.74, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.78, 1.22) | 0.767 | 0.93 (0.75, 1.15) |
| Coronary heart disease (1,420 cases) | |||||||
| Cases | 320 | 299 | 264 | 308 | 229 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)b | Reference | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) | 1.19 (1.02, 1.40) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.15) | 0.474 | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) |
| Stroke (606 cases) | |||||||
| Cases | 155 | 114 | 140 | 109 | 88 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)b | Reference | 0.76 (0.59, 0.97) | 0.99 (0.79, 1.26) | 0.86 (0.67, 1.11) | 0.77 (0.59, 1.01) | 0.195 | 0.79 (0.62, 1.01) |
| Respiratory (766 cases) | |||||||
| Cases | 213 | 163 | 158 | 129 | 103 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)b | Reference | 0.84 (0.69, 1.04) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.06) | 0.75 (0.60, 0.94) | 0.66 (0.52, 0.84) | < 0.001 | 0.73 (0.59, 0.90) |
| Kidney (139 cases) | |||||||
| Cases | 39 | 34 | 27 | 21 | 18 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)b | Reference | 0.93 (0.58, 1.48) | 0.77 (0.47, 1.27) | 0.64 (0.37, 1.11) | 0.59 (0.33, 1.05) | 0.029 | 0.63 (0.38, 1.04) |
| Other (1,219 cases)c | |||||||
| Cases | 290 | 260 | 215 | 223 | 231 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)b | Reference | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 0.82 (0.69, 0.99) | 0.91 (0.76, 1.09) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.20) | 0.810 | 1.01 (0.85, 1.20) |
| Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio. aBased on linear test for trend using the ordinal rank for each quintile. bHazard ratios are adjusted for age and calendar year, race/ethnicity, smoking status, pack-years smoked, parental occupation, registered nurse (RN) degree, marital status, husband’s highest education, census-tract median home value, and census-tract median income. cIncludes any cause of death not included in the categories above, including accidental causes of death. | |||||||