Table 1.

Factors in inducing differentiation of MSCs to specific lineage.

Inducer	Concentration	Effect	Direction of differentiation	Reference
Dexamethasone + 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine + insulin	1 μM 0.5 mM 0.01 mg/ml	Increase fat deposition in the cytoplasm	Adipocytes	(Yu et al., 2012)
Ascorbic acid + dexamethasone	50 μM 100 nM	Increases the activity of alkaline phosphatase	Osteocytes	(Yu et al., 2012)
TGF- β1 + ascorbic acid + dexamethasone	10 ng/ml 50 μg/ml 100 nM		Chondrocytes	(Vater et al., 2011)
TGF-β1	1, 2, 5 and 10 ng/ml	Stimulate SMC-specific genes expression	Smooth muscle cells	(Vater et al., 2011; Floren et al., 2016)
5-azacytidine	3 μM 10 μM	Inhibits DNA methyltransferase	Cardiomyocytes	(Yamada et al., 2007; Rowlands et al., 2008; Wei et al., 2011))
VEGF	10, 50 ng/ml	Phosphorylate VEGF-RII and increase its Activity	Endothelial	(Pankajakshan et al., 2013; Vater et al., 2011)