Table 2.
List of meta-analyses identified for modifiable risk factors of bladder cancer
| Risk factor | Identified meta-analyses | Included | Included for? | Reason exclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | ||||
| Fruit and vegetables | Riboli and Norat [120] | No | All primary studies are included in Yao et al. [19] | |
| Liu et al. [121] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Vieira et al. [122] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Liu et al. [123] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Xu et al. [124] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Steinmaus et al. [21] | Yes | Vegetables (MMA) | ||
| Yao et al. [19] | Yes | Fruit and vegetables Fruit Vegetables (MMA) Cruciferous vegetables |
||
| Liang et al. [20] | Yes | Citrus fruit | ||
| Tea | Zeegers et al. [125] | No | Include other urinary tract cancer | |
| Zhang et al. [126] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Wu et al. [127] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Wang et al. [128] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Boehm et al. [129] | No | Not MA | ||
| Qin et al. [130] | Yes | Tea | ||
| Coffee | Arab [131] | No | Not MA | |
| Pelucchi et al. [132] | No | Not MA | ||
| Huang et al. [24] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Sala et al. [28] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Zhou et al. [25] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Villanueva et al. [27] | Yes | Coffee (MMA) | ||
| Yu et al. [26] | Yes | Coffee (MMA) | ||
| Wu et al. [29] | Yes | Coffee (MMA) | ||
| Beverage consumption | Zeegers et al. [6] | No | Not MA | |
| Boyle et al. [30] | Yes | Sweetened carbonated beverages | ||
| Milk | Zhang et al. [133] | No | Not MA | |
| Lampe [134] | No | Not MA | ||
| Mao et al. [31] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Li et al. [135] | Yes | Milk | ||
| Fish | Li et al. [32] | Yes | Fish | |
| Meat | Wang and Jiang [136] | No | Include urothelial cancer | |
| Steinmaus et al. [21] | No | |||
| Li et al. [33] | Yes | Meat | ||
| Alcohol | Mao et al. [137] | No | Include urothelial cancer | |
| de Menezes et al. 138] | No | Not MA | ||
| Bagnardi et al. [139] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Zeegers et al. [140] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Pelucchi et al. [34] | Yes | Alcohol | ||
| Egg | Fang et al. [141] | No | Include urothelial cancer | |
| Li et al. [35] | Yes | Egg | ||
| Dietary acrylamide | Pelucchi et al. [34] | Yes | Dietary acrylamide | |
| Vitamin A | Tang et al. [36] | Yes | Vitamin A | |
| Steinmaus et al. [21] | No | |||
| Vitamin D | Liao et al. [39] | Yes | Serum level | |
| Chen et al. [40] | Yes | Diet and supplement | ||
| Vitamin C & E | Wang et al. [38] | Yes | Vitamin C Vitamin E |
|
| Chen et al. [40] | >50 % overlap | |||
| Folate intake | He and Shui [41] | Yes | Folate | |
| Beta carotene supplement, Antioxidant supplement | Musa-Veloso et al. [142] | No | No MA for bladder cancer | |
| Coulter et al. [143] | No | No MA for bladder cancer | ||
| Jeon et al. [37] | Yes | Beta-carotene supplements | ||
| Myung et al. [44] | Yes | Antioxidant supplement | ||
| Selenium | Amaral et al. [42] | Yes | Selenium levels in the body | |
| Vinceti et al. [43] | Yes | Selenium supplementation | ||
| Omega-3 fatty acids | MacLean et al. [144] | No | No MA for bladder cancer | |
| Zinc, Copper | Mao et al. [145] | No | No risk estimates reported | |
| Olive oil | Psaltopoulou et al. [146] | No | No MA for bladder cancer | |
| Fluid intake | Lotan et al. [147] | No | No MA | |
| Stelmach and Clasen [148] | No | No MA | ||
| Villanueva et al. [27] | No | Included in Bai et al. [22] | ||
| Isa (submitted) | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Bai et al. [22] | Yes | Total fluid intake | ||
| Obesity | Qin et al. [47] | No | >50 % overlap | |
| Sun et al. [46] | Yes | Obesity | ||
| Behaviours | ||||
| Smoking | Zeegers et al. [149] | No | Include other urinary tract cancer | |
| Crivelli et al. [150] | No | Effect of smoking on prognosis of bladder cancer patients | ||
| Sasco et al. [151] | No | No MA | ||
| Zeegers et al. [6] | No | No MA | ||
| Vineis et al. [152] | No | No MA | ||
| Shiels et al. [153] | No | Not primary prevention of BC | ||
| ‘t Mannetje et al. [154] | No | Discussed whether adjusting for smoking affects association between BC and occupation | ||
| Freedman et al. [49] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Brennan et al. [50] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Brennan et al. (Women) [51] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Hemelt et al. [11] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Puente et al. [48] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Cumberbatch et al. [53] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Van Osch et al. [10] | Yes | Cigarette smoking | ||
| Cigar and pipe | Pitard et al. [52] | Yes | Cigar and pipe | |
| Passive smoking | Van Hemelrijck et al. [54] | Yes | Passive smoking | |
| Smokeless tobacco | Lee et al. [55] | Yes | Smokeless tobacco | |
| Waterpipe tobacco smoking | Akl et al. [155] | No | Waterpipe tobacco smoking | No MA, reporting one CC study |
| Physical activity | Keimling et al. [56] | Yes | Physical activity | |
| Environmental | ||||
| Personal hair dyes use | Kelsh et al. [58] | No | All primary studies were included by Turati et al. [57] | |
| Takkouche et al. [60] | No | All primary studies were included by Turati et al. [57] | ||
| Huncharek et al. [59] | No | All primary studies were included by Turati et al. [57] | ||
| Rollison et al. [156] | No | No MA | ||
| Turati et al. [57] | Yes | Personal hair dyes use | ||
| Occupational | ||||
| Various occupations | Cumberbatch et al. [61] | Yes | Various occupations | |
| Various occupations | Reulen et al. [62] | No | Not the most comprehensive | |
| Various occupations | Kogevinas et al. [63] | No | Not the most comprehensive | |
| Various occupations | `t Mannetje et al. [64] | No | Not the most comprehensive | |
| Painters | Bosetti et al. [157] | No | All primary studies are included by Bachand (2010) | |
| Kogevinas et al. [63] | No | All primary studies are included by Bosetti et al. [157] | ||
| Guha et al. [158] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Bachand et al. [159] | No | Not the most comprehensive | ||
| Hairdresser | Kogevinas et al. [63] | No | All primary studies included by Takkouche et al. [160] | |
| `t Mannetje et al. [64] | No | All primary studies included by Takkouche et al. [160] | ||
| Takkouche et al. [160] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Harling et al. [161] | No | Not the most comprehensive | ||
| Sales workers | Kogevinas et al. [63] | No | included in’t Mannetje et al. [160] | |
| Mannetje et al. [162] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Motor vehicle driving | Kogevinas et al. [63] | No | Included in Manju, 2009 | |
| Boffetta and Silverman [163] | No | >50 % overlap | ||
| Manju et al. [164] | No | Not the most comprehensive | ||
| Farmers | Acquavella et al. [165] | No | Not the most comprehensive | |
| Foundry workers | Gaertner RR, 2002 [166] | No | Not the most comprehensive | |
| Textile workers | Mastrangelo et al. [167] | No | Not the most comprehensive | |
| Flight attendants | Tokumaru et al. [168] | No | >50 % overlap | |
| Buja et al. [169] | No | |||
| Petroleum industry | Wong et al. [170] | No | Mortality estimate only | |
| Baena et al. [171] | No | Not the most comprehensive | ||
| Chemical workers | Greenberg et al. [172] | No | Not the most comprehensive | |
| Dry cleaning | Vlaanderen et al. [173] | No | Not the most comprehensive | |
| Inorganic lead compounds | Fu et al. [174] | No | Not the most comprehensive | |
| Acrylonitrile workers | Cole et al. [175] | No | Included genitourinary cancers | |
| Collins and Acquavella [176] | No | Not the most comprehensive | ||
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | Bosetti et al. [177] | No | Updated in Rota et al. [179] | |
| Boffetta et al. [178] | No | No MA | ||
| Rota et al. [179] | No | Not the most comprehensive | ||
| Metalworking fluids | Calvert et al. [180] | No | No MA | |
| Perchloroethylene (Dry cleaning) | Mundt et al. [181] | No | No MA | |
| Asbestos-exposed workers | Goodman et al. [182] | No | Mortality estimate only | |
CC case–control, MA meta-analysis, OR odds ratio