Table 4.

Questionnaire data: ANCOVA repeated measures analysis, delta within control period and intervention period, and standardized effect size (Cohen’s d)

	Time	Mean (95 %CI)	Δ	Cohen’s d (95 % CI)
Depression	1	6.7 (5.3–8.2)	−0.6	0.27 (−0.26 to 0.79)
	2	6.1 (4.6–7.5)
	3	5.7 (4.2–7.1)	−1.8
	4	3.9 (2.5–5.4)
Anxiety	1	5.1 (4.2–6.1)	0.0	0.45 (−0.08 to 0.98)
	2	5.1 (4.1–6.0)
	3	4.6 (3.6–5.5)	−1.7
	4	2.9 (2.0–3.8)
Stress	1	9.9 (8.6–11.2)	−0.5	0.49 (−0.05 to 1.02)
	2	9.4 (8.1–10.7)
	3	9.3 (8.0–10.6)	−3.0
	4	6.3 (5.0–7.6)
Brooding	1	6.4 (5.3–7.5)	+0.3	0.53 (−0.006 to 1.06)
	2	6.7 (5.6–7.8)
	3	6.3 (5.3–7.4)	−1.7
	4	4.6 (3.4–5.6)
Mindfulness Decentering	1	12.6 (11.2–14.0)	−0.5	0.53 (−0.005 to 1.06)
	2	12.1 (10.7–13.6)
	3	13.2 (11.8–14.6)	+2.2
	4	15.4 (14.0–16.8)
Mindfulness Curiosity	1	14.8 (13.2–16.4)	−0.1	0.20 (−0.32 to 0.73)
	2	14.7 (13.1–16.4)
	3	16.0 (14.3–17.6)	+0.9
	4	16.9 (15.2–18.5)

N = 29. Time 1 (pre) and 2 (post) represent the control period. The intervention took place between time 3 (pre) and time 4 (post). Analyses are adjusted for sex, number of days walked, and MBSR/MBCT. A positive Cohen’s d indicates a stronger improvement on the outcome measure during the intervention than during the control period

95 % CI 95 % confidence interval