Table 2.
Intervention effects on stress, depression, anxiety and mindfulness measures
| Study | Dose: practice level (Reported) | Control group | Measure | T1 (baseline) | T2 (post) | T3 and 4 (FU) | Effect sizes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BG | WG | ||||||||
| Glück and Maercker (2011) | 20 min/day (not measured) | Wait list | Stress | PSQ | 40.06 SD = 16.38 | 34.36 SD = 15.06 | 7MFI 27.89 SD = 11.18 | I < C(T2): ns | T1 > T2: ns |
| Depression | SEK-27 | 2.70 SD = 0.48 | 2.81 SD = 0.54 | 7MFU 3.00 SD = 0.59 | ns | Ns | |||
| PANASneg | 1.48 SD = 0.93 | 0.96 SD = 0.70 | 7MFU 0.97 SD = 0.48 | ns |
d = .43** Maintenance unclear |
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| PANASpos | 2.53 SD = 0.59 | 2.54 SD = 0.79 | 7MFU 2.93 SD = 0.61 | ns | T1 = T2 T2 < T3: d = 0.43* |
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| Mindfulness | FMI | 37.04 SD = 5.37 | 38.77 SD = 6.46 | 41.16 SD = 6.05 | I = C(T2): ns | T1 < T2: d = 0.32** T2 < T3: t(27) = 1.980* |
|||
| Krusche et al. (2012) | 30 min one time a week (33 % ‘every/most days’; 55 % ‘sometimes’; 12 % ‘rarely’) | – | Stress | PSS | 23.04 SD = 6.85 | 15.06 SD = 6.42 | 13.45 SD = 6.99 | – | T1 > T2: d = 1.20** T2 > T3: d = 0.24** |
| Altschuler et al. (2011) | 20 min 5 days a week (average 16) | – | Depression | HADS-D | 6.7 normal | 4.5 normal | – | – | – |
| Anxiety | HADS-A | 11.5 CI 9.9–13.0 | 6.7 CI 4.6–8.8 | – | – | – | |||
| Krusche et al. (2013) | 30 min oe time a week (33 % ‘every/most days’; 55 % ‘sometimes’; 12 % ‘rarely’) | – | Stress | PSS | 23.73 SD = 49.95 | 14.44 SD = 45.86 | 1MFU: 13.45 SD = 6.99 |
– | T1 > T2 = T3: d = 1.57** |
| Depression | PHQ-9 | 10.06 SD = 6.40 moderate | 5.04 SD = 3.84 mild | 1MFU: 4.30 SD = 3.97 mild | – | T1 > T2: d = .95** Further improvement at 1MFU, d = .19** |
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| Anxiety | GAD-7 | 10.98 SD = 6.42 | 5.45 SD = 3.77 | 4.60 SD = 3.72 | – | T1 > 2: d = 1.22** T2 > 3: d = .24* |
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| Davis and Zautra. (2013) | 15 min two times a week | Health training | Stress | Family-related stress | 1.99 SD = 1.01 |
– | – | I < C(T2): d = .006? | – |
| Stress Coping efficacy | 3.12 SD = .96 |
– | – | I < C(T2): d = .014? | – | ||||
| Depression | Positive and negative effect (Likert) | Positive: 2.29 SD = 1.05 Negative 2.20 SD = 0.92 |
– | – | Positive I > C (T2): d = 0.06* Negative I > C (T2): ns |
Positive T1 > 2: unclear ns
Negative T1 > 2: unclear** |
|||
| Cavanagh et al. (2013) | 10 min everyday (61 % >1/day; 87 % >1/week; 4 % none) | Wait list | Stress | PSS | 21.70 SD = 7.87 | 18.96 SD = 6.75 |
– | I < C(T2): d = .37** | T1 < T2 d = 0.42** |
| Mindfulness | FFMQ | 117.76 SD = 21.48 |
123.66 SD = 20.16 |
– | I > C(T2): d = 0.27* |
T1 < T2 d = 0.42** |
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| Dimidjian et al. (2014) | 20 min 6 days a week (Average 1 h 20 min a week) | TAU | Depression | PHQ-9 | 4.21 SD = 3.03 mild/minimal |
2.89 SD = 2.69 minimal |
10WFU 3.40 SD = 3.01 minimal 6MFU 3.04 SD = 2.53 minimal |
I < C(T2): d = 0.78** | T1 > T2: r = 0.27** Maintained at 10W and 6MFU |
| Anxiety | RSQ | 45.12 SD = 13.67 |
40.45 SD = 15.11 |
– | – | T1 < T2: r = -23** |
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| Mindfulness | FMI | 126.52 SD = 18.42 | 132.35 SD = 18.42 | – | – | T1 < T2: r = 0.52* |
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| Boettcher et al. (2014) | 20 min 6 days a week (not measured) | Discussion forum | Depression | BDI-II | 16.4 SD = 7.0 mild |
6.5 SD = 4.8 minimal |
6MFU 9.6 SD = 8.2 minimal |
I < C(T2): d = 0.84* | T1 > T2: d = 1.58** Post < 6MFU* |
| Anxiety | BAI | 24.4 SD = 8.6 |
11.8 SD = 7.8 |
6MFU: 12.4 SD = 6.7 |
T2: d = .99** |
T1 > 2: d = 1.33** T1 > T2: d = 1.44** |
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| Reid (2013) | Not reported | – | Mindfulness | MAAS | 51.73 SD = 8.22 |
61.72 SD = 5.44 |
– | – | T1 < T2: t = −4.82** |
C control, I intervention, FU follow-up
*p < .05, **p < 0.01