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. 2016 May 30;23(17):17664–17675. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6806-y

Table 3.

Summary of estimates of the effect (RR) of arsenic topsoil levels, categorised in quartiles, on mortality due to different tumour types, by sex

Cancer site Men Women
Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted
RR 95 % CI RR 95 % CI RR 95 % CI RR 95 % CI
Buccal cavity and pharynx
 Approach A q2a 1.003 0.937–1.073 0.987 0.922–1.057 1.102 0.986–1.233 1.069 0.958–1.194
 q3 1.018 0.943–1.099 1.048 0.977–1.123 1.042 0.918–1.183 1.050 0.931–1.184
 q4 1.100 1.018–1.189 1.232 1.158–1.310 1.076 0.957–1.211 1.051 0.947–1.165
 Trend testb 1.033 1.006–1.059 1.076 1.054–1.097 1.018 0.980–1.057 1.012 0.979–1.046
 Approach B SPDEc 1.081 1.025–1.149 1.081 1.024–1.147 1.053 0.974–1.144 1.048 0.971–1.137
Oesophagus
 Approach A q2a 0.976 0.910–1.046 0.951 0.887–1.021 0.920 0.789–1.073 0.865 0.738–1.012
 q3 0.959 0.887–1.038 1.004 0.935–1.078 0.912 0.766–1.085 0.925 0.783–1.091
 q4 1.030 0.952–1.115 1.148 1.077–1.224 1.020 0.866–1.198 1.092 0.948–1.26
 Trend testb 1.010 0.984–1.037 1.052 1.030–1.074 1.010 0.957–1.066 1.043 0.996–1.093
 Approach B SPDEc 1.032 0.978–1.095 1.026 0.971–1.088 1.052 0.938–1.178 1.042 0.926–1.167
Stomach
 Approach A q2a 1.012 0.965–1.062 1.005 0.957–1.056 0.980 0.925–1.039 0.994 0.939–1.053
 q3 1.002 0.947–1.060 1.012 0.962–1.064 0.974 0.911–1.041 0.996 0.939–1.057
 q4 1.054 0.994–1.117 1.087 1.039–1.138 0.990 0.925–1.060 1.072 1.017–1.131
 Trend testb 1.017 0.997–1.036 1.028 1.012–1.043 0.997 0.975–1.020 1.022 1.004–1.040
 Approach B SPDEc 1.035 0.994–1.079 1.028 0.986–1.073 1.015 0.970–1.069 1.014 0.964–1.064
Colorectal
 Approach A q2a 1.062 1.021–1.104 1.029 0.995–1.065 1.010 0.972–1.05 1.011 0.976–1.047
 q3 1.051 1.006–1.098 1.050 1.014–1.087 0.990 0.948–1.034 1.001 0.966–1.038
 q4 1.077 1.029–1.127 1.093 1.059–1.128 1.004 0.960–1.049 1.004 0.972–1.037
 Trend testb 1.022 1.007–1.037 1.030 1.019–1.040 1.000 0.985–1.014 1.000 0.990–1.011
 Approach B SPDEc 1.042 1.009–1.080 1.026 0.996–1.057 1.008 0.976–1.039 0.996 0.968–1.026
Liver
 Approach A q2a 0.995 0.913–1.083 0.866 0.801–0.936 1.082 0.957–1.224 0.881 0.781–0.992
 q3 0.987 0.896–1.087 0.907 0.838–0.981 0.953 0.827–1.097 0.863 0.762–0.978
 q4 1.136 1.028–1.255 1.063 0.990–1.141 1.059 0.918–1.223 0.928 0.831–1.036
 Trend testb 1.042 1.008–1.077 1.027 1.003–1.051 1.009 0.963–1.058 0.979 0.945–1.015
 Approach B SPDEc 1.087 1.013–1.180 1.048 0.979–1.135 0.984 0.893–1.087 0.938 0.856–1.042
Pancreas
 Approach A q2a 1.044 0.991–1.099 1.029 0.979–1.081 1.050 0.992–1.111 1.023 0.971–1.078
 q3 0.989 0.932–1.049 1.001 0.950–1.055 1.029 0.966–1.097 1.040 0.984–1.099
 q4 1.060 0.999–1.124 1.092 1.043–1.144 1.053 0.988–1.122 1.059 1.009–1.112
 Trend testb 1.015 0.996–1.035 1.027 1.012–1.043 1.014 0.993–1.035 1.019 1.003–1.035
 Approach B SPDEc 1.042 1.000–1.095 1.029 0.991–1.069 1.010 0.966–1.056 1.002 0.961–1.047
Larynx
 Approach A q2a 0.951 0.890–1.016 0.928 0.868–0.991 0.975 0.773–1.227 0.973 0.766–1.233
 q3 0.963 0.891–1.04 0.931 0.868–0.997 0.873 0.665–1.137 0.914 0.689–1.204
 q4 1.013 0.937–1.096 1.014 0.953–1.079 1.096 0.897–1.34 1.040 0.838–1.293
 Trend testb 1.006 0.980–1.032 1.007 0.987–1.027 1.028 0.963–1.098 1.013 0.944–1.087
 Approach B SPDEc 1.011 0.955–1.068 1.012 0.958–1.071 1.053 0.888–1.216 1.541 1.259–1.783
Lung
 Approach A q2a 0.994 0.962–1.027 0.990 0.961–1.019 1.072 1.003–1.146 1.036 0.977–1.098
 q3 1.001 0.962–1.041 1.004 0.974–1.034 1.109 1.030–1.194 1.087 1.023–1.154
 q4 1.018 0.976–1.062 1.044 1.015–1.073 1.133 1.050–1.222 1.129 1.069–1.191
 Trend testb 1.006 0.992–1.021 1.015 1.006–1.024 1.041 1.015–1.067 1.042 1.024–1.06
 Approach B SPDEc 1.014 0.982–1.049 1.008 0.978–1.039 1.058 1.001–1.114 1.037 0.976–1.089
Prostate
 Approach A q2a 1.005 0.967–1.044 1.036 1.000–1.074
 q3 0.990 0.948–1.033 1.027 0.989–1.065
 q4 0.984 0.942–1.029 1.054 1.019–1.091
 Trend testb 0.994 0.980–1.008 1.016 1.005–1.027
 Approach B SPDEc 0.994 0.964–1.025 0.993 0.961–1.023
Kidney
 Approach A q2a 1.051 0.980–1.127 0.983 0.919–1.051 0.969 0.886–1.061 0.933 0.861–1.011
 q3 1.077 0.996–1.166 1.044 0.972–1.119 0.978 0.883–1.082 0.982 0.899–1.073
 q4 1.132 1.047–1.223 1.094 1.027–1.164 0.985 0.894–1.084 0.970 0.900–1.045
 Trend testb 1.041 1.015–1.068 1.035 1.014–1.056 0.997 0.966–1.028 0.996 0.973–1.02
 Approach B SPDEc 1.081 1.027–1.144 1.052 0.999–1.107 0.995 0.930–1.058 0.982 0.921–1.046
Brain
 Approach A q2a 1.071 1.007–1.139 1.069 1.006–1.137 1.063 0.989–1.142 1.037 0.966–1.114
 q3 1.030 0.962–1.103 1.050 0.983–1.121 1.057 0.975–1.146 1.076 0.998–1.161
 q4 1.118 1.049–1.190 1.135 1.071–1.202 1.093 1.012–1.18 1.107 1.036–1.184
 Trend testb 1.033 1.012–1.054 1.038 1.020–1.057 1.027 1.002–1.053 1.035 1.013–1.057
 Approach B SPDEc 1.052 1.008–1.099 1.050 1.003–1.097 1.057 1.004–1.114 1.051 0.997–1.107
NHL
 Approach A q2a 1.019 0.945–1.098 0.989 0.920–1.063 1.086 1.012–1.165 1.033 0.962–1.108
 q3 1.003 0.925–1.088 1.017 0.943–1.095 1.069 0.988–1.156 1.080 1.003–1.163
 q4 1.043 0.962–1.129 1.099 1.028–1.174 1.091 1.012–1.175 1.126 1.054–1.203
 Trend testb 1.012 0.986–1.039 1.034 1.012–1.056 1.025 1.000–1.049 1.041 1.020–1.063
 Approach B SPDEc 1.032 0.976–1.087 1.019 0.961–1.074 1.049 0.998–1.108 1.035 0.986–1.090
 Leukaemias
 Approach A q2a 1.030 0.973–1.091 0.995 0.941–1.051 1.024 0.963–1.090 0.985 0.929–1.045
 q3 1.046 0.983–1.114 1.035 0.976–1.097 1.012 0.944–1.085 0.990 0.929–1.056
 q4 1.061 1.000–1.126 1.031 0.978–1.086 1.027 0.964–1.095 0.991 0.935–1.048
 Trend testb 1.019 1.000–1.039 1.012 0.996–1.029 1.007 0.987–1.028 0.998 0.980–1.016
 Approach B SPDEc 1.045 1.005–1.088 1.040 1.000–1.087 1.011 0.970–1.061 1.003 0.960–1.054

The table shows the results of the approaches A and B, broken down as follows: unadjusted (model n.1) and adjusted for socio-demographic variables and industrial emissions (model n.3)

aQuartiles: reference [1.00, 9.11], q2 [9.11, 12.82], q3 [12.82, 16.97] and q4 [16.97, 99.37 mg kg−1]

bRR, taking quartiles as a categorical variable

cRR for a change of one unit in the logarithm of the elements’ soil concentration